ArticleFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2014
TLR4-mediated brain inflammation halts neurogenesis: impact of hormonal replacement therapy.
Article in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Depression: From Biomarkers to Anti-Inflammatory Therapy.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Investigation of TSPO-Mediated Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Copper Homeostasis in Microglia and its Role in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- TREM2 Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Improves Neurogenesis in ApoEMolecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Aloysia citriodora in animals subjected to childhood stress.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Effects of voluntary wheel running on appetite-regulating peptides and neuroinflammation in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized middle-aged mice.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Blocking Brain Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2-Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling Improves Cognition by Diminishing Brain Pathologies and Preserving Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Obese Rats.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2024Article
- Pathogenesis of Depression in Alzheimer's Disease.Neurochemical research · 2024Review
- Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols-Polyphenols as an Element of Diet Therapy in Depressive Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Is Dutasteride a Therapeutic Alternative for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Calycosin Preserves BDNF/TrkB Signaling and Reduces Post-Stroke Neurological Injury after Cerebral Ischemia by Reducing Accumulation of Hypertrophic and TNF-α-Containing Microglia in Rats.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Article
- Potential microglia-based interventions for stroke.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2020Review
- Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb) Induces Neuroinflammation in the Forebrain Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rat Pups.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Ganaxolone enhances microglial clearance activity and promotes remyelination in focal demyelination in the corpus callosum of ovariectomized rats.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2020Article
- Inflammatory Response, a Key Pathophysiological Mechanism of Obesity-Induced Depression.Mediators of inflammation · 2020Review
- TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 attenuates the adverse neural effects of diet-induced obesity.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2018Article
- Toll-like receptor 2 promotes neurogenesis from the dentate gyrus after photothrombotic cerebral ischemia in mice.The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology · 2018Article
- Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Preserve Adult Newborn Neurons and Reduce Neurological Injury after Cerebral Ischemia by Reducing the Number of Hypertrophic Microglia/Macrophages.Cell transplantation · 2017Article
- Demyelination-Induced Inflammation Attracts Newly Born Neurons to the White Matter.Molecular neurobiology · 2017Article
- Impact of prenatal immune challenge on the demyelination injury during adulthood.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2017Article
- Androstenediol Reduces Demyelination-Induced Axonopathy in the Rat Corpus Callosum: Impact on Microglial Polarization.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological data show that the severity and the duration of brain inflammation are attenuated in females compared to males. This attenuated brain inflammation is ascribed to 17β-estradiol. However, several studies suggest that 17β-estradiol is also endowed with proinflammatory properties. The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of hormonal replacement therapies on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain inflammation and its consequent effect on newly born neurons. Bilaterally ovariectomized rats received intrastriatal injection of LPS (250 ng/μl) and were subsequently given daily subcutaneous injections of either vehicle, 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg) or 17β-estradiol and progesterone (5 mg/kg). Microglial activation and newly born neurons in the rostral migratory stream were monitored using double immunofluorescence. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway and its target inflammatory proteins were assessed by either western blot [cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. LPS-induced activation of microglia, promoted NFκB signaling pathway and enhanced the production of proinflammatory proteins (TNF-α and COX-2). These proinflammatory responses were not attenuated by 17β-estradiol injection. Supplementation of 17β-estradiol with progesterone significantly dampened these proinflammatory processes. Interestingly, LPS-induced brain inflammation dampened the number of newly born neurons in the rostral migratory stream. Administration of combined 17β-estradiol and progesterone resulted in a significantly higher number of newly born neurons when compared to those seen in rats given either vehicle or 17β-estradiol alone. These data strongly suggest that combined 17β-estradiol and progesterone, and not 17β-estradiol alone, rescues neurogenesis from the deleterious effect of brain inflammation likely via the inhibition of the signaling pathways leading to the activation of proinflammatory genes.
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