ArticleNeuro-oncology2015
Survival prediction model of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma based on clinical and radiological criteria.
2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Neuro-oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 100 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
100citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
6.3field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase I Trial of DNX-2401 for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Newly Diagnosed in Pediatric Patients.
Phase 2 Randomized Study of RT and Reirradiation at Relapse vs Multiple Elective RT Courses With Same Concomitant CT for Newly Diagnosed
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating the Role of Re-Irradiation in the Management of DIPG: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Evidence.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Pooled it
- A phase I/II study of bevacizumab, irinotecan and erlotinib in children with progressive diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2021Trial
- Tumor Response Assessment in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: Comparison of Semiautomated Volumetric, Semiautomated Linear, and Manual Linear Tumor Measurement Strategies.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2020Trial
- Advanced ADC Histogram, Perfusion, and Permeability Metrics Show an Association with Survival and Pseudoprogression in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Report from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2020Trial
- Preliminary results of immune modulating antibody MDV9300 (pidilizumab) treatment in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2018Trial
- A phase I/II study of gemcitabine during radiotherapy in children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2017Trial
- Understanding DMG: current treatment options and prospective solutions using nanoparticles.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a prediction model for 6-month early death in pediatric H3K27M-mutant diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG).Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- When the cure becomes the curse: Radiation-induced glioma of the pons in children surviving craniopharyngioma.Neuro-oncology practice · 2026Article
- Article
- Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide in newly pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: clinical outcomes and safety analysis.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Development of a quadruple-conjugated carbon dot nanomodel for targeted glioma therapy.Communications chemistry · 2026Article
- Adaptive immunotherapeutic paradigms in diffuse midline glioma: integrating epigenetic reprogramming, neuron-glioma interactions, and tumor microenvironment modulation.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Diffuse pontine glioma (DPG): shorter or longer treatment time?Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Diffuse midline glioma with extra central nervous system metastases in the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2025Article
- Phase 1 dose-escalation trial using convection-enhanced delivery of radio-immunotheranostic 124I-Omburtamab for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Applications of artificial intelligence and advanced imaging in pediatric diffuse midline glioma.Neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Detection of H3F3A K27M or BRAF V600E in liquid biopsies of brain tumor patients as diagnostic and monitoring biomarker: impact of tumor localization and sampling method.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- The trends in diagnosis, management, and care of patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: Perspectives from a tertiary care hospital of pakistan.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2024Article
- Letter to the Editor: "The relationship between imaging features, therapeutic response, and overall survival in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma".Neurosurgical review · 2024Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Marc H JansenDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Sophie E Veldhuijzen van ZantenDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Esther Sanchez AliagaDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Martijn W HeymansDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Monika Warmuth-MetzDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Darren HargraveDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Erica J van der HoevenDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Corrie E GiddingDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Eveline S de BontDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Omid S EshghiDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Roel ReddingiusDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Cacha M PeetersDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Antoinette Y N Schouten-van MeeterenDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Rob H J GooskensDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Bernd GranzenDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Gabriel M PaardekooperDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Geert O JanssensDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
David P NoskeDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Frederik BarkhofDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Christof M KrammDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
W Peter VandertopDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Gertjan J KaspersDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Dannis G van VuurdenDepartment of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.H.A.J., S.E.M.V.v.Z., E.J.v.d.H., G.J.L.K., D.G.v.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E.S.A., F.B.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (M.W.H.); Department of Neuroradiology, Reference Center for Neuroradiology, Uniklinikum Wurzburg, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany (M.W-M.); Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, UK (D.H.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (C.E.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (E.S.J.M.d.B.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (O.S.E.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands (R.R.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Netherlands (C.M.P.C.D.P.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands (A.Y.N.S-v.M.); Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (R.H.J.G.); Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (B.G.); Department of Radiotherapy, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands (G.M.R.N.P.); Department of Radiation Oncology (874), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands (G.O.J.); Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (D.P.N., W.P.V.); University Children's Hospital, Halle, Germany (C.M.K.); Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medi
Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc · NLRadboud University Nijmegen · NLVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NLEmma Kinderziekenhuis · NLErasmus University Rotterdam · NLMaastricht University · NLOrmond (United States) · US
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) carries the worst prognosis of all pediatric brain tumors, studies on prognostic factors in DIPG are sparse. To control for confounding variables in DIPG studies, which generally include relatively small patient numbers, a survival prediction tool is needed.
methodsA multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed in the Netherlands, the UK, and Germany with central review of clinical data and MRI scans of children with DIPG. Cox proportional hazards with backward regression was used to select prognostic variables (P < .05) to predict the accumulated 12-month risk of death. These predictors were transformed into a practical risk score. The model's performance was validated by bootstrapping techniques.
resultsA total of 316 patients were included. The median overall survival was 10 months. Multivariate Cox analysis yielded 5 prognostic variables of which the coefficients were included in the risk score. Age ≤3 years, longer symptom duration at diagnosis, and use of oral and intravenous chemotherapy were favorable predictors, while ring enhancement on MRI at diagnosis was an unfavorable predictor. With increasing risk score categories, overall survival decreased significantly. The model can distinguish between patients with very short, average, and increased overall survival (medians of 7.0, 9.7, and 13.7 mo, respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.68.
conclusionsWe developed a DIPG survival prediction tool that can be used to predict the outcome of patients and for stratification in trials. Validation of the model is needed in a prospective cohort.
Indexed as
Proportional Hazards ModelsAdolescentBrain Stem NeoplasmsChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleGliomaHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleRetrospective StudiesTreatment Outcomebrainstem neoplasmsgliomamagnetic resonance imagingponsprognosis
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Registered trials
NCT03178032ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03620032ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.