ArticleToxins2014
Differential effects of indoxyl sulfate and inorganic phosphate in a murine cerebral endothelial cell line (bEnd.3).
Article in Toxins, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D supplementation may be blurred in hemodialysis patients.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2021Trial
- Article
- Targeting Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Toxins · 2026Review
- Association between renal function and memory-related disease: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Mechanistic insights into the P-coumaric acid protection against bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity in in vivo and in silico models.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Chronic kidney disease as a catalyst for cerebral microbleeds: understanding the underlying mechanisms and treatment approaches.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Glymphatic system dysfunction in nondialysis-dependent ESRD patients with diabetic kidney disease: associations with clinical characteristics and cognitive function.Renal failure · 2024Article
- Uremic toxins mediate kidney diseases: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2024Review
- ROS: Executioner of regulating cell death in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- High-density lipoprotein protects vascular endothelial cells from indoxyl sulfate insults through its antioxidant ability.Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) · 2023Article
- ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve the Blood-Brain-Barrier Integrity in Contrast-Induced Blood-Brain-Barrier Injury in Uremic Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Changes in the glymphatic system before and after dialysis initiation in patients with end-stage kidney disease.Renal failure · 2023Article
- Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in vascular inflammation and cardiovascular disease.Amino acids · 2022Review
- Production of Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Tangeretin ameliorates bisphenol induced hepatocyte injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2022Article
- Covert vascular brain injury in chronic kidney disease.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Review
- Cerebral blood flow regulation in end-stage kidney disease.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2020Article
- Uremic Toxic Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Mediated by AhR Activation Leads to Cognitive Impairment during Experimental Renal Dysfunction.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2020Article
- How do Uremic Toxins Affect the Endothelium?Toxins · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in stroke in chronic kidney disease patients. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated the effects of two uremic toxins on cerebral endothelium function. bEnd.3 cells were exposed to indoxyl sulfate (IS) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and O2•⁻ were measured using specific fluorophores. Peroxynitrite and eNOS uncoupling were evaluated using ebselen, a peroxide scavenger, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄), respectively. Cell viability decreased after IS or Pi treatment (p < 0.01). Both toxins reduced NO production (IS, p < 0.05; Pi, p < 0.001) and induced ROS production (p < 0.001). IS and 2 mM Pi reduced O2•⁻ production (p < 0.001). Antioxidant pretreatment reduced ROS levels in both IS- and Pi-treated cells, but a more marked reduction of O2•⁻ production was observed in Pi-treated cells (p < 0.001). Ebselen reduced the ROS production induced by the two toxins (p < 0.001); suggesting a role of peroxynitrite in this process. BH₄ addition significantly reduced O2•⁻ and increased NO production in Pi-treated cells (p < 0.001), suggesting eNOS uncoupling, but had no effect in IS-treated cells. This study shows, for the first time, that IS and Pi induce cerebral endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO levels due to enhanced oxidative stress. However, Pi appears to be more deleterious, as it also induces eNOS uncoupling.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.