SynthesisPloS one2014
Risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 161 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
161 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 317 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: A Prior Appendectomy Does Not Increase the Risk of Severe Clostridioides difficile Infection or Recurrence.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2023Pooled it
- External validation of clinical prediction rules for complications and mortality following Clostridioides difficile infection.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Guideline
- Magnitude and direction of the association between Clostridium difficile infection and proton pump inhibitors in adults and pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- Risk factors forJournal of global health · 2017Pooled it
- Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease are risk factors for poor outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2015Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of Fidaxomicin and Vancomycin in Children and Adolescents with Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection: A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Single-blind Clinical Trial (SUNSHINE).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
- Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients at Increased Risk for Recurrence.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Thirty-Day Readmissions in Hospitalized Patients Who Received Bezlotoxumab With Antibacterial Drug Treatment for Clostridium difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Trial
- The Impact of Hospital-Based Fidaxomicin Use Criteria onInfectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Influence of COVID-19 on Clinical Outcomes ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development of a checklist to support management of older patients withBMJ open quality · 2026Article
- Colonic epithelial regeneration shapes susceptibility tobioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Colonoscopic or Capsule Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for RecurrentGastro hep advances · 2026Article
- Significant Increase inGastro hep advances · 2026Article
- Burden ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- HumanbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Predictive Modeling for Clostridioides difficile Infection: Current State of the Science, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
- The emerging view on the roles of butyrate inInfection and immunity · 2025Review
- Risk factors for further recurrences of Clostridioides difficile infection at the first and second recurrence: a retrospective cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) can lead to complications, recurrence, and death. Numerous studies have assessed risk factors for these unfavourable outcomes, but systematic reviews or meta-analyses published so far were limited in scope or in quality.
methodsA systematic review was completed according to PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search in five databases was performed. Studies published until October 2013 were included if risk factors for at least one CDI outcome were assessed with multivariate analyses.
results68 studies were included: 24 assessed risk factors for recurrence, 18 for complicated CDI, 8 for treatment failure, and 30 for mortality. Most studies accounted for mortality in the definition of complicated CDI. Important variables were inconsistently reported, such as previous episodes and use of antibiotics. Substantial heterogeneity and methodological limitations were noted, mainly in the sample size, the definition of the outcomes and periods of follow-up, precluding a meta-analysis. Older age, use of antibiotics after diagnosis, use of proton pump inhibitors, and strain type were the most frequent risk factors for recurrence. Older age, leucocytosis, renal failure and co-morbidities were frequent risk factors for complicated CDI. When considered alone, mortality was associated with age, co-morbidities, hypo-albuminemia, leucocytosis, acute renal failure, and infection with ribotype 027.
conclusionLaboratory parameters currently used in European and American guidelines to define patients at risk of a complicated CDI are adequate. Strategies for the management of CDI should be tailored according to the age of the patient, biological markers of severity, and underlying co-morbidities.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.