ArticleComputational and mathematical methods in medicine2014
Leaky vaccines protect highly exposed recipients at a lower rate: implications for vaccine efficacy estimation and sieve analysis.
Article in Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Analysis of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network 702 Phase 2b-3 HIV-1 Vaccine Trial in South Africa Assessing RV144 Antibody and T-Cell Correlates of HIV-1 Acquisition Risk.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Article
- Vaccine failure mode determines population-level impact of vaccination campaigns during epidemics.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- Evidence of leaky protection following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection in an incarcerated population.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Non-selective distribution of infectious disease prevention may outperform risk-based targeting.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control.Veterinary sciences · 2020Review
- Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Impact of stochastically generated heterogeneity in hazard rates on individually randomized vaccine efficacy trials.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2018Article
- Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccines in the Context of Current Molecular Epidemiology.Viruses · 2017Review
- Lessons from a modern review of the smallpox eradication files.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
"Leaky" vaccines are those for which vaccine-induced protection reduces infection rates on a per-exposure basis, as opposed to "all-or-none" vaccines, which reduce infection rates to zero for some fraction of subjects, independent of the number of exposures. Leaky vaccines therefore protect subjects with fewer exposures at a higher effective rate than subjects with more exposures. This simple observation has serious implications for analysis methodologies that rely on the assumption that the vaccine effect is homogeneous across subjects. We argue and show through examples that this heterogeneous vaccine effect leads to a violation of the proportional hazards assumption, to incomparability of infected cases across treatment groups, and to nonindependence of the distributions of the competing failure processes in a competing risks setting. We discuss implications for vaccine efficacy estimation, correlates of protection analysis, and mark-specific efficacy analysis (also known as sieve analysis).
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.