Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24891439›Full record

SynthesisJournal of pediatric psychology2014

Systematic review and meta-analysis of distraction and hypnosis for needle-related pain and distress in children and adolescents.

Kathryn A Birnie, Melanie Noel, Jennifer A Parker, Christine T Chambers, Lindsay S Uman, Steve R Kisely, Patrick J McGrath

4 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of pediatric psychology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 92 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
92citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
31.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03739346 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

Efficacy of Hypnosis Compared With Tell/Show/do Technique in Anxiety/Pain Reduction in Children During Pulpotomies

TypeinterventionalSponsorAlejandra Ramírez CarrascoRan2018 to 2019Enrolled60ConditionsDental Anxiety, PainArmsHypnosis, Tell, show, do technique
NCT04268901 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2016, after this paper: background citation

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality to Reduce Pain/Anxiety During Routine Painful Procedures

TypeinterventionalSponsorChildren's Hospital Los AngelesRan2016 to 2025Enrolled700ConditionsPhlebotomy, Orthopedics, Radiology, PainArmsSamsung Gear VR, Merge VR, Oculus Go
NCT06485869 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Impact of Virtual Reality on the Quality of Life of Oncology Patients

TypeinterventionalSponsorCentral Hospital Saint QuentinRan2023 to 2026Enrolled150ConditionsCancerArmsMeasure the improvement in quality of life, Measure the level of satisfaction of patients and nursing staff, Measurement of anxiety and pain, Measurement of depressive state, measuring fatigue levels
NCT07769385 naenrolling by invitationnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The Effects of Robotic Fish and Aquarium Fish Interventions on Fear, Pain, and Anxiety in Children During Painful Procedures

TypeinterventionalSponsorInonu UniversityRan2026 to 2026Enrolled120ConditionsAnxiety, Fear, Pain, ChildArmsRobotic Fish
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

92 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 286 citations in OpenAlex.

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  9. Pain and distress outcomes in infants and children: a systematic review.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2017
    Pooled it
  10. The Efficacy, Safety and Applications of Medical Hypnosis.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2016
    Pooled it
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  13. Effectiveness of a play-based distraction technique in reducing gag reflex during intraoral periapical radiography in children: a randomised crossover trial.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026
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32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Kathryn A BirnieDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland kbirnie@dal.ca.
Melanie NoelDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland.
Jennifer A ParkerDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland.
Christine T ChambersDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland.
Lindsay S UmanDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland.
Steve R KiselyDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland.
Patrick J McGrathDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Mental Health and Addiction Services, IWK Health Centre, and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland.
Seattle Children's Hospital · USSeattle University · US

Funding

Canadian Institutes of Health Research
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo systematically review the evidence (and quality) for distraction and hypnosis for needle-related pain and distress in children and adolescents. To explore the effects of distraction characteristics (e.g., adult involvement, type of distracter), child age, and study risk of bias on treatment efficacy.

methods26 distraction and 7 hypnosis trials were included and self-report, observer-report, and behavioral pain intensity and distress examined. Distraction studies were coded for 4 intervention characteristics, and all studies coded for child age and study risk of bias.

resultsFindings showed strong support for distraction and hypnosis for reducing pain and distress from needle procedures. The quality of available evidence was low, however. Characteristics of distraction interventions, child age, and study risk of bias showed some influence on treatment efficacy.

conclusionsDistraction and hypnosis are efficacious in reducing needle-related pain and distress in children. The quality of trials in this area needs to be improved.

Indexed as

AttentionHypnosisAdolescentChildHumansNeedlesPainPain ManagementTreatment Outcomedistractiondistressempirically supported treatmentshypnosisneedlespainrandomized controlled trials

Identifiers

PMID24891439
PMCPMC4138805
OpenAlexW2131607564

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.