ReviewClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2014
Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime.
Review in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Managing infectious aerosols to counter engineered pandemics: Current recommendations and future research.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025Guideline
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with bioterrorism preparedness in healthcare workers: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Ricin as a Biothreat Agent: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Toxicology, Forensic Aspects, and Risk Mitigation.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- From Aerosol to Signal: Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Airborne Biothreat Detection.Biosensors · 2025Review
- Preparing for Potential Health and Safety Risks at the Olympic Games: Scoping Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward bioterrorism preparedness among nurses: a cross-sectional study.BMC nursing · 2024Article
- Biosafety and immunology: An interdisciplinary field for health priority.Biosafety and health · 2024Review
- Multiprobe Amplification (MPA) with Melting Curve Analysis: A Highly Stable and Cost-Effective Platform for the Simultaneous Detection of Eight Potential Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents in Complex Samples.Analytical chemistry · 2024Article
- [Development Status of Rapid Antigen Detection Kits for On-site Response to Biological Terrorism Agents].Jugan geon-gang gwa jilbyeong · 2024Review
- Mathematical models and analysis tools for risk assessment of unnatural epidemics: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Search for Antidotes Against Ricin.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Epidemiology of Pathogens Listed as Potential Bioterrorism Agents, the Netherlands, 2009‒2019.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Anthrax revisited: how assessing the unpredictable can improve biosecurity.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
- A risk-based mutual insurance premium framework for establishing indices of vulnerability to the intentional introduction of transboundary animal diseases.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- The Russia-Ukraine war could bring catastrophic public-health challenges beyond COVID-19.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- A multipathogen DNA vaccine elicits protective immune responses against two class A bioterrorism agents, anthrax and botulism.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Methods used in microbial forensics and epidemiological investigations for stronger health systems.Forensic sciences research · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biological weapons achieve their intended target effects through the infectivity of disease-causing infectious agents. The ability to use biological agents in warfare is prohibited by the Biological and Toxin Weapon Convention. Bioterrorism is defined as the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria or other agents used to cause illness or death in people, but also in animals or plants. It is aimed at creating casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss, inspired by ideological, religious or political beliefs. The success of bioterroristic attempts is defined by the measure of societal disruption and panic, and not necessarily by the sheer number of casualties. Thus, making only a few individuals ill by the use of crude methods may be sufficient, as long as it creates the impact that is aimed for. The assessment of bioterrorism threats and motives have been described before. Biocrime implies the use of a biological agent to kill or make ill a single individual or small group of individuals, motivated by revenge or the desire for monetary gain by extortion, rather than by political, ideological, religious or other beliefs. The likelihood of a successful bioterrorist attack is not very large, given the technical difficulties and constraints. However, even if the number of casualties is likely to be limited, the impact of a bioterrorist attack can still be high. Measures aimed at enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities and capacities alongside training and education will improve the ability of society to combat 'regular' infectious diseases outbreaks, as well as mitigating the effects of bioterrorist attacks.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.