SynthesisBMC public health2014
Cardiovascular medication utilization and adherence among adults living in rural and urban areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Urinary nerve growth factor could be a biomarker for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- Medication adherence barriers and digital support among Saudi adults with chronic conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Relationships Between Antihypertensive, Glucose- and Lipid-Lowering Medication Adherence, and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in American Indian Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Article
- Barriers and Facilitators in Access to Diabetes, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia Medicines: A Scoping Review.Public health reviews · 2022Article
- Urban-Rural Difference in Treatment Adherence of Chinese Hypertensive Patients.Patient preference and adherence · 2022Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy after ischemic stroke: a nationwide population-based study.BMC neurology · 2021Article
- Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among diabetes mellitus patients and predictors of optimal dyslipidemia control: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Lipids in health and disease · 2021Article
- Observational
- Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Canadian Primary Care Practice 2010-2015: A Cohort Study From the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Article
- The Frequency of Clinic Visits Was Not Associated with Medication Adherence or Outcome in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2018Article
- Medication Nonadherence: The Role of Cost, Community, and Individual Factors.Health services research · 2017Article
- Drug adherence for antihypertensive medications and its determinants among adult hypertensive patients attending in chronic clinics of referral hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2017Article
- Rural-Urban Differences in Chronic Disease and Drug Utilization in Older Oregonians.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2016Article
- Primary non-adherence in Portugal: findings and implications.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2015Article
- A review on prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs.Clinical hypertension · 2015Review
- Provider Adherence to National Guidelines for Managing Hypertension in African Americans.International journal of hypertension · 2015Article
- Study of Adherence to Medication in Pediatric Liver Diseases ("SAMPLD" Study) in Indian Children.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatologyArticle
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRural residents face numerous barriers to healthcare access and studies suggest poorer health outcomes for rural patients. Therefore we undertook a systematic review to determine if cardiovascular medication utilization and adherence patterns differ for rural versus urban patients.
methodsA comprehensive search of major electronic datasets was undertaken for controlled clinical trials and observational studies comparing utilization or adherence to cardiovascular medications in rural versus urban adults with cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Two reviewers independently identified citations, extracted data, and evaluated quality using the STROBE checklist. Risk estimates were abstracted and pooled where appropriate using random effects models. Methods and reporting were in accordance with MOOSE guidelines.
resultsFifty-one studies were included of fair to good quality (median STROBE score 17.5). Although pooled unadjusted analyses suggested that patients in rural areas were less likely to receive evidence-based cardiovascular medications (23 studies, OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79, 0.98), pooled data from 21 studies adjusted for potential confounders indicated no rural-urban differences (adjusted OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.91, 1.13). The high heterogeneity observed (I(2) = 97%) was partially explained by treatment setting (hospital, ambulatory care, or community-based sample), age, and disease. Adherence did not differ between urban versus rural patients (3 studies, OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.39, 2.27, I(2) = 91%).
conclusionsWe found no consistent differences in rates of cardiovascular medication utilization or adherence among adults with cardiovascular disease or diabetes living in rural versus urban settings. Higher quality evidence is needed to determine if differences truly exist between urban and rural patients in the use of, and adherence to, evidence-based medications.
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Registered trials
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