ArticlePloS one2014
Functional effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR)3, 7, 9, RIG-I and MDA-5 stimulation in nasal epithelial cells.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decreased expression of type I (IFN-β) and type III (IFN-λ) interferons and interferon-stimulated genes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2019Trial
- Immune sentinel function of nasal mucosal epithelial cells in allergic rhinitis: a review on barrier damage and inflammatory amplification loops regulated by calcium signalling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Discovery of a small molecule TLR3 agonist adjuvant.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Use of bidirectional Mendelian randomization to unveil the association between antibody-mediated immune responses to infectious agents and allergic rhinitis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Review
- TLR7 deficiency enhances inflammation in the URT but reduces LRT immunity following influenza A infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Toll-like receptor 3: a double-edged sword.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Lung immune challenge study protocol: controlled exposure to inhaled resiquimod (R848) to study mechanisms of inflammation.Immunotherapy advances · 2025Article
- Interactions Between Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cattle: Aspects of Pathogenesis and Immunity.Viruses · 2024Review
- Transcriptional control of metabolism by interferon regulatory factors.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Immune Stimulation with Imiquimod to Best Face SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Prevent Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Ocular mucosal homeostasis of teleost fish provides insight into the coevolution between microbiome and mucosal immunity.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Arsenic album 30C exhibits crystalline nano structure of arsenic trioxide and modulates innate immune markers in murine macrophage cell lines.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Harnessing the potential of the NALT and BALT as targets for immunomodulation using engineering strategies to enhance mucosal uptake.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Sex differences in susceptibility to substance use disorder: Role for X chromosome inactivation and escape?Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2023Review
- TLRs: Innate Immune Sentries against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Novel intranasal vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain to mucosal microfold cells and adjuvanted with TLR3 agonist Riboxxim™ elicits strong antibody and T-cell responses in mice.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Teleost swim bladder, an ancient air-filled organ that elicits mucosal immune responses.Cell discovery · 2022Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Attenuate TLR7-Mediated Mast Cell Activation.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe human nasal epithelium is an important physical barrier, and a part of the innate immune defense that protect against pathogens. The epithelial cells recognize microbial components by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), and thereby trigger an immune response. Even though TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, RIG-I and MDA-5 are all known to respond to viral stimulation, their potential role in chronic airway inflammation triggered by local cytokine release remains to be established.
methodsmRNA and corresponding protein expression of TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, RIG-I and MDA-5 were analyzed in nasal biopsies and various upper airway epithelial cell lines using real-time reverse transcription PCR, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Ligand induced, cytokine release, was evaluated with ELISA.
resultsNasal biopsies were found to express TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, RIG-I and MDA-5, with the most abundant expression in the surface epithelium. These receptors were verified in primary human nasal epithelial cell (HNEC) as well as in the airway epithelial cell lines Detroit-562 and FaDu. Poly(I:C) (TLR3) and R-837 (TLR7) stimulation increased secretion of IL-6 and GM-CSF from the nasal mucosa and the epithelial cell lines. CpG (TLR9) stimulation caused release of IL-8 in the nasal mucosa and in FaDu. Poly(I:C)/LyoVec (RIG-I/MDA-5) stimulation activated the secretion of IFN-β in the nasal mucosa. A corresponding release was also detected from HNEC and Detroit-562.
conclusionThe nasal epithelium has the ability to recognize viral intrusion through TLR and RLR receptors, and the subsequent response might have a role in exacerbation of inflammatory diseases like allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.