ReviewCritical care (London, England)2014
Is boosting the immune system in sepsis appropriate?
Review in Critical care (London, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression in Clinical Sepsis Studies: A Systematic Review.Critical care medicine · 2020Pooled it
- NLRC4 deficiency improves host protection during sepsis by regulating macrophage and T-cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Thirty years of mHLA-DR research in septic shock: lessons and caveats for clinical translation.Intensive care medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated Transcriptomic Analysis of S100A8/A9 as a Key Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Sepsis Pathogenesis and AI Drug Repurposing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Reassessing sepsis research: new clues for old players and new players for an old symptom to improve patient outcomes.EXCLI journal · 2025Review
- Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response during bacterial sepsis and severe COVID-19.Journal of intensive medicine · 2024Review
- NLRP6 negatively regulates host defense against polymicrobial sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Attenuation of acute kidney injury in a murine model of neonatalFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- CTLA-4 expression on CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Compartment-Specific Differences in the Activation of Monocyte Subpopulations Are Not Affected by Nitric Oxide and Glucocorticoid Treatment in a Model of Resuscitated Porcine Endotoxemic Shock.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Inhibition of mitophagy drives macrophage activation and antibacterial defense during sepsis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Article
- The unleashing of the immune system in COVID-19 and sepsis: the calm before the storm?Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2020Article
- Longitudinal patterns of cytokine expression at the individual level in humans after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020Article
- Sepsis therapies: learning from 30 years of failure of translational research to propose new leads.EMBO molecular medicine · 2020Review
- Checkpoint inhibitor therapy in preclinical sepsis models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2020Article
- A Neonatal MurineFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Chronic Implant-Related Bone Infections-Can Immune Modulation be a Therapeutic Strategy?Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Pentoxifylline Alone or in Combination with Gentamicin or Vancomycin Inhibits Live Microbe-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Cord Blood and Cord Blood MonocytesAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Article
- Immune therapy in sepsis: Are we ready to try again?Journal of the Intensive Care Society · 2018Review
- Mechanisms and treatment of organ failure in sepsis.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A relative immunosuppression is observed in patients after sepsis, trauma, burns, or any severe insults. It is currently proposed that selected patients will benefit from treatment aimed at boosting their immune systems. However, the host immune response needs to be considered in context with pathogen-type, timing,and mainly tissue specificity. Indeed, the immune status of leukocytes is not universally decreased and their activated status in tissues contributes to organ failure. Accordingly, any new immune-stimulatory therapeutic intervention should take into consideration potentially deleterious effects in some situations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.