ArticleBMC immunology2014
Cytokine profiles amongst Sudanese patients with visceral leishmaniasis and malaria co-infections.
Article in BMC immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between interleukin-2 cytokine levels and Plasmodium infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Distinct cytokine profiles in malaria coinfections: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of blood interleukin-4 levels concerning malaria infection and severity.Malaria journal · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review of biomarkers to monitor therapeutic response in leishmaniasis.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Pooled it
- Impact of visceral leishmaniasis and curative chemotherapy on cytochrome P450 activity in Brazilian patients.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2015Trial
- Systemic inflammatory markers of visceral leishmaniasis treatment response in East Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Risk factors for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): Challenges in understanding pathophysiology.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Interleukin-8 Predicts Fatal Kala-Azar: A Case-Control Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Impact of co-infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in Leishmania major-parasitized mice on immune modulation and cutaneous leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Cytokine profiles, blood parasite load and clinical features of visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot County, Kenya.Parasitology · 2024Article
- Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Malaria and leishmaniasis: Updates on co-infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Comparison of serum cytokine levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV-Leishmania coinfected individuals from a Brazilian visceral leishmaniasis endemic area.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: A threat to elimination program.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Review
- Chemokine, cytokine and haematological profiles in Sprague-Dawley rats co-infected withHeliyon · 2020Article
- Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Shebelle Zone of Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Infection of Human Neutrophils WithFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Attenuated Leishmania induce pro-inflammatory mediators and influence leishmanicidal activity by p38 MAPK dependent phagosome maturation in Leishmania donovani co-infected macrophages.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Induction of IL-10 and TGFβ from CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T Cells Correlates with Parasite Load in Indian Kala-azar Patients Infected with Leishmania donovani.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe immune system plays a critical role in the development of co-infections, promoting or preventing establishment of multiple infections and shaping the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. Its ability to mediate the interplay between visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and malaria has been suggested, but poorly documented. The present study investigated whether concomitant infection with Leishmania donovani complex and Plasmodium falciparum in naturally co-infected patients altered the immunological response elicited by the two pathogens individually.
resultsCirculating levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assessed in sera of patients infected with active VL and/or malaria and healthy individuals from Gedarif State, Sudan. Comparative analysis of cytokine profiles from co- and mono-infected patients highlighted significant differences in the immune response mounted upon co-infection, confirming the ability of L. donovani and P. falciparum to mutually interact at the immunological level. Progressive polarization towards type-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine patterns characterized the co-infected patients, whose response partly reflected the effect elicited by VL (IFN-γ, TNF) and malaria (IL-2, IL-13), and partly resulted from a synergistic interaction of the two diseases upon each other (IL-17A). Significantly reduced levels of P. falciparum parasitaemia (P <0.01) were detected in the co-infected group as opposed to the malaria-only patients, suggesting either a protective or a non-detrimental effect of the co-infection against P. falciparum infection.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that a new immunological scenario may occur when L. donovani and P. falciparum co-infect the same patient, with potential implications on the course and resolution of these diseases.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.