Changing genetic paradigms: creating next-generation genetic databases as tools to understand the emerging complexities of genotype/phenotype relationships.

Understanding genotype/phenotype relationships has become more complicated as increasing amounts of inter- and intra-tissue genetic heterogeneity have been revealed through next-generation sequencing and evidence showing that factors such as epigenetic modifications, non-coding RNAs and RNA editing can play an important role in determining phenotype. Such findings have challenged a number of classic genetic assumptions including (i) analysis of genomic sequence obtained from blood is an accurate reflection of the genotype responsible for phenotype expression in an individual; (ii) that significant genetic alterations will be found only in diseased individuals, in germline tissues in inherited diseases, or in specific diseased tissues in somatic diseases such as cancer; and (iii) that mutation rates in putative disease-associated genes solely determine disease phenotypes. With the breakdown of our traditional understanding of genotype to phenotype relationships, it is becoming increasingly apparent that new analytical tools will be required to determine the relationship between genotype and phenotypic expression. To this end, we are proposing that next-generation genetic database (NGDB) platforms be created that include new bioinformatics tools based on algorithms that can evaluate genetic heterogeneity, as well as powerful systems biology analysis tools to actively process and evaluate the vast amounts of both genomic and genomic-modifying information required to reveal the true relationships between genotype and phenotype.