ArticleBMC cancer2014
Associations of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives with risk of colorectal cancer defined by clinicopathological factors, beta-catenin alterations, expression of cyclin D1, p53, and microsatellite-instability.
Article in BMC cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association ofGenetics research · 2022Pooled it
- Synchronous rectal and endometrial cancer: A case report and literature review.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- CK2α Overexpression in Colorectal Cancer: Evidence for Sex- and Age-Linked Differences.Cancers · 2025Article
- Epigenetic marvels: exploring the landscape of colorectal cancer treatment through cutting-edge epigenetic-based drug strategies.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Review
- Long-Time Trend of Colorectal Cancer Mortality Attributable to High Processed Meat Intake in China and a Bayesian Projection from 2020 to 2030: A Model-Based Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Therapeutic Strategies and Potential Actions of Female Sex Steroid Hormones and Their Receptors in Colon Cancer Based on Preclinical Studies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review of the literature on combined oral contraceptives and cancer.Ecancermedicalscience · 2022Review
- The effect of menopausal hormone therapy on gastrointestinal cancer risk and mortality in South Korea: a population-based cohort study.BMC gastroenterology · 2021Article
- Hormonal and reproductive factors and reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2020Observational
- Post Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Interaction Study Using Random Survival Forest: Insulin Resistance, Lifestyle Factors, and Colorectal Cancer Risk.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2019Article
- Association of Combined Estrogen-Progestogen and Progestogen-Only Contraceptives with the Development of Cancer.The Linacre quarterly · 2018Review
- Molecular pathological epidemiology: new developing frontiers of big data science to study etiologies and pathogenesis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2017Review
- Lifestyle, Diet, and Colorectal Cancer Risk According to (Epi)genetic Instability: Current Evidence and Future Directions of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology.Current colorectal cancer reports · 2017Review
- Review Article: The Role of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology in the Study of Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Diseases in the Era of Precision Medicine.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2016Review
- The influence of hormone therapies on colon and rectal cancer.European journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- Integration of molecular pathology, epidemiology and social science for global precision medicine.Expert review of molecular diagnostics · 2016Review
- Molecular pathological epidemiology gives clues to paradoxical findings.European journal of epidemiology · 2015Article
- Proceedings of the second international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPostmenopausal hormone therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive (OC) use have in several studies been reported to be associated with a decreased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, data on the association between HRT and OC and risk of different clinicopathological and molecular subsets of CRC are lacking. The aim of this molecular pathological epidemiology study was therefore to evaluate the associations between HRT and OC use and risk of specific CRC subgroups, overall and by tumour site.
methodIn the population-based prospective cohort study Mamö Diet and Cancer, including 17035 women, 304 cases of CRC were diagnosed up until 31 December 2008. Immunohistochemical expression of beta-catenin, cyclin D1, p53 and MSI-screening status had previously been assessed in tissue microarrays with tumours from 280 cases. HRT was assessed as current use of combined HRT (CHRT) or unopposed oestrogen (ERT), and analysed among 12583 peri-and postmenopausal women. OC use was assessed as ever vs never use among all women in the cohort. A multivariate Cox regression model was applied to determine hazard ratios for risk of CRC, overall and according to molecular subgroups, in relation to HRT and OC use.
resultsThere was no significantly reduced risk of CRC by CHRT or ERT use, however a reduced risk of T-stage 1-2 tumours was seen among CHRT users (HR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09-0.77).Analysis stratified by tumour location revealed a reduced overall risk of rectal, but not colon, cancer among CHRT and ERT users, including T stage 1-2, lymph node negative, distant metastasis-free, cyclin D1 - and p53 negative tumours.In unadjusted analysis, OC use was significantly associated with a reduced overall risk of CRC (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.44-0.71), but this significance was not retained in adjusted analysis (HR: 1.05: 95% CI: 0.80-1.37). A similar risk reduction was seen for the majority of clinicopathological and molecular subgroups.
conclusionOur findings provide information on the relationship between use of HRT and OC and risk of clinicopathological and molecular subsets of CRC.
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