ArticleBMC systems biology2014
Latent phenotypes pervade gene regulatory circuits.
Article in BMC systems biology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environment-dependent epistasis shapes adaptation to fluctuating resources.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- System drift in the evolution of plant meristem development.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Unifying the odyssey: artificial intelligence for rare disease diagnosis and therapy.Health and technology · 2026Article
- Evolution of neural circuits in the origin of behavioral novelty.Current opinion in behavioral sciences · 2025Article
- Chance Favors the Prepared Genomes: Horizontal Transfer Shapes the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance Mutations in Core Genes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- A Family of Fitness Landscapes Modeled through Gene Regulatory Networks.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- On the networked architecture of genotype spaces and its critical effects on molecular evolution.Open biology · 2018Review
- Structural properties of genotype-phenotype maps.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2017Review
- Function does not follow form in gene regulatory circuits.Scientific reports · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLatent phenotypes are non-adaptive byproducts of adaptive phenotypes. They exist in biological systems as different as promiscuous enzymes and genome-scale metabolic reaction networks, and can give rise to evolutionary adaptations and innovations. We know little about their prevalence in the gene expression phenotypes of regulatory circuits, important sources of evolutionary innovations.
resultsHere, we study a space of more than sixteen million three-gene model regulatory circuits, where each circuit is represented by a genotype, and has one or more functions embodied in one or more gene expression phenotypes. We find that the majority of circuits with single functions have latent expression phenotypes. Moreover, the set of circuits with a given spectrum of functions has a repertoire of latent phenotypes that is much larger than that of any one circuit. Most of this latent repertoire can be easily accessed through a series of small genetic changes that preserve a circuit's main functions. Both circuits and gene expression phenotypes that are robust to genetic change are associated with a greater number of latent phenotypes.
conclusionsOur observations suggest that latent phenotypes are pervasive in regulatory circuits, and may thus be an important source of evolutionary adaptations and innovations involving gene regulation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.