ArticleBMC public health2014
Introducing rapid oral-fluid HIV testing among high risk populations in Shandong, China: feasibility and challenges.
Article in BMC public health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reliability of HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing compared with testing by health-care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. HIV · 2018Pooled it
- Examining the effects of HIV self-testing compared to standard HIV testing services: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2017Pooled it
- Can self-testing increase HIV testing among men who have sex with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid: a systematic review.Biochemia medica · 2015Pooled it
- Preferences, beliefs, and attitudes about oral fluid and blood-based HIV self-testing among truck drivers in Kenya choosing not to test for HIV.Frontiers in public health · 2022Trial
- Effects of a Mobile Health Intervention to Promote HIV Self-testing with MSM in China: A Randomized Controlled Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2019Trial
- Crowdsourcing to expand HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China: A closed cohort stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Oral fluid versus blood in HIV self-testing: A step towards "95-95-95" targets of the UNAIDS?Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Salivary C-Reactive Protein: A Non-Invasive Alternative to Serum CRP in Pediatric Acute Appendicitis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Barriers, Facilitators and Preferences for HIV Testing Services among Adolescent Girls (15-19) and Young Women (20-24) in Rakai District, Central Uganda.Research square · 2025Article
- Salivary Interleukins as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Psoriasis: Advances and Challenges in Diagnosis and Monitoring.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Full title- acceptability and feasibility of HIV self-testing (HIVST) among MSM and transgender women (Heliyon · 2024Article
- Determinants and acceptability of HIV self-testing among vulnerable groups in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva and Its Correlation with pH Levels among Dental Students under Different Stressful Conditions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Preferences for oral-World journal of methodology · 2023Article
- Acceptability, feasibility, and accuracy of blood-based HIV self-testing: A cross-sectional study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Examining Chinese Users' Feedback Comments on HIV Self-testing Kits From e-Commerce Platforms: Thematic and Content Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Article
- Acceptability and perceptions of HIV oral self-testing across settings: A comparative qualitative study among Dominican and Tanzanian female sex workers.Global public health · 2022Article
- HIV self-testing implementation, distribution and use among female sex workers in Cotonou, Benin: a qualitative evaluation of acceptability and feasibility.BMC public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study was conducted to ascertain the feasibility of using rapid oral fluid testing as an alternative HIV testing method in China.
methodThis is a mixed-method study among men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW) and VCT clients, conducted in 4 cities in Shandong Province. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to 1137 participants through face-to-face interview to assess demographic characteristics, HIV testing histories and willingness to accept rapid oral fluid testing. VCT clients were provided with the saliva test kits for a screening test and errors in operation were recorded. Testing results were compared between oral and blood testing. Short feedback questionnaire was administered to 200 FSW who had undergone oral testing.
resultsThe rate of willingness to take oral-fluid HIV testing among MSM, FSW and VCT clients was 72.8%, 72.1% and 67.4% respectively. Common errors recorded during test kit operation by the 229 VCT clients included: unpreparedness, wrong swab sampling, wrong dilution, wrong testing and inability to read test results. Advantages of oral testing listed by participants included: less intrusive, painlessness, easy self- testing and privacy. Disadvantages included perceived unreliable results (55.5%) and not nationally recognised (9%). Comparison of saliva and the blood testing results recorded a consistency rate of 0.970 (χ2 = 153.348, P < 0.001), implying an excellent consistency.
conclusionIntroduction of oral rapid fluid testing as an alternative HIV testing method in China is highly feasible but with some challenges including low recognition and operation errors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.