ArticleBMC evolutionary biology2014
Molecular evolution and functional characterisation of an ancient phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (NnPAL1) from Nelumbo nucifera: novel insight into the evolution of the PAL family in angiosperms.
Article in BMC evolutionary biology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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17 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway: CYP73 and CYP98 candidate genes in Chara braunii, Anthoceros agrestis, Marchantia polymorpha and Physcomitrium patens.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Decoding pilocarpine biosynthesis and its roles in Pilocarpus microphyllus through a comparative transcriptomics approach.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Enhancing Functional Protein Design Using Heuristic Optimization and Deep Learning for Anti-Inflammatory and Gene Therapy Applications.Proteins · 2025Article
- Genome-wide characterization of PAL, C4H, and 4CL genes regulating the phenylpropanoid pathway in Vanilla planifolia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Chinese Hickory Resistance to Dry Rot Disease byPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Genome-wide identification of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Epimedium Pubescens Maxim. (Berberidaceae): novel insight into the evolution of the PAL gene family.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Functional and kinetics of two efficient phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Pyrus bretschneideri.BMC plant biology · 2023Article
- Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) family in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).BMC plant biology · 2023Article
- Molecular regulation of immunity in tea plants.Molecular biology reports · 2023Review
- Biochemical Characterization of Black and Green Mutant Elderberry during Fruit Ripening.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Molecular identification of phenylalanine ammonia lyase-encoding genesFrontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Article
- Comparative genomic analysis of thePeerJ · 2019Article
- Characterization of promoter of EgPAL1, a novel PAL gene from the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq.Plant cell reports · 2018Article
- Molecular dynamics simulation and bioinformatics study on chloroplast stromal ridge complex from rice (Oryza sativa L.).BMC bioinformatics · 2016Article
- Isolation and Functional Characterization of a Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene (SsPAL1) from Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundPhenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; E.C.4.3.1.5) is a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plant development, and it catalyses the deamination of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, leading to the production of secondary metabolites. This enzyme has been identified in many organisms, ranging from prokaryotes to higher plants. Because Nelumbo nucifera is a basal dicot rich in many secondary metabolites, it is a suitable candidate for research on the phenylpropanoid pathway.
resultsThree PAL members, NnPAL1, NnPAL2 and NnPAL3, have been identified in N. nucifera using genome-wide analysis. NnPAL1 contains two introns; however, both NnPAL2 and NnPAL3 have only one intron. Molecular and evolutionary analysis of NnPAL1 confirms that it is an ancient PAL member of the angiosperms and may have a different origin. However, PAL clusters, except NnPAL1, are monophyletic after the split between dicots and monocots. These observations suggest that duplication events remain an important occurrence in the evolution of the PAL gene family. Molecular assays demonstrate that the mRNA of the NnPAL1 gene is 2343 bp in size and encodes a 717 amino acid polypeptide. The optimal pH and temperature of the recombinant NnPAL1 protein are 9.0 and 55°C, respectively. The NnPAL1 protein retains both PAL and weak TAL catalytic activities with Km values of 1.07 mM for L-phenylalanine and 3.43 mM for L-tyrosine, respectively. Cis-elements response to environmental stress are identified and confirmed using real-time PCR for treatments with abscisic acid (ABA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), ultraviolet light, Neurospora crassa (fungi) and drought.
conclusionsWe conclude that the angiosperm PAL genes are not derived from a single gene in an ancestral angiosperm genome; therefore, there may be another ancestral duplication and vertical inheritance from the gymnosperms. The different evolutionary histories for PAL genes in angiosperms suggest different mechanisms of functional regulation. The expression patterns of NnPAL1 in response to stress may be necessary for the survival of N. nucifera since the Cretaceous Period. The discovery and characterisation of the ancient NnPAL1 help to elucidate PAL evolution in angiosperms.
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