Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24880000›Full record

Trial reportJournal of pain and symptom management2015

EMPOWER: an intervention to address barriers to pain management in hospice.

John G Cagle, Sheryl Zimmerman, Lauren W Cohen, Laura S Porter, Laura C Hanson, David Reed

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of pain and symptom management, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04869085 (The Use of a Digital Application for Reporting Pain and Pain Management in Home Hospice), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04869085 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

The Use of a Digital Application for Reporting Pain and Pain Management in Home Hospice

TypeinterventionalSponsorRush University Medical CenterRan2021 to 2024Enrolled88ConditionsPainArmse-PainSupport
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. TheWestern journal of nursing research · 2025
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  19. Psychometric Evaluation of the Nursing OutcomeInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

John G CagleSchool of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Electronic address: jcagle@ssw.umaryland.edu.
Sheryl ZimmermanCecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Lauren W CohenCecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Laura S PorterDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Laura C HansonCecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Center for Aging and Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
David ReedCecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

Funding

RESEARCH TRAINING IN GERIATRIC MEDICINET32AG000212 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Alexander Keliimoeanu Smith · 1991 to 2026
$7.7M
PREDOCTORAL/POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING HLTH CARE AGING REST32AG000272 · NIA · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI DILWORTH-ANDERSON, PEGGYE · 2001 to 2013
$2.3M
An Intervention to Reduce Barriers to Effective Pain Management in HospiceR03HS019068 · AHRQ · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI ZIMMERMAN, SHERYL · 2011 to 2011
$100k
AHRQ HHS R03 HS019068AHRQ HHS R03HS019068NIA NIH HHS 2T32AG000272NIA NIH HHS 5T32AG000212NIA NIH HHS T32 AG000212NIA NIH HHS T32 AG000272
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextConcerns about pain medications are major barriers to pain management in hospice, but few studies have focused on systematic methods to address these concerns.

objectivesThe objective of this study was to test the preliminary efficacy of the Effective Management of Pain: Overcoming Worries to Enable Relief (EMPOWER) intervention, which included hospice staff education, staff screening of barriers to pain management at admission, and discussion about misunderstandings regarding pain management with family caregivers and patients.

methodsWe conducted a pilot, cluster randomized, controlled trial with four hospices. One hundred twenty-six family caregivers (55 interventions and 71 controls) were interviewed at two weeks after admission. If patients survived three months after admission, caregivers were reinterviewed.

resultsAt two weeks, caregivers in the intervention group reported better knowledge about pain management (P = 0.001), fewer concerns about pain and pain medications (P = 0.008), and lower patient pain over the past week (P = 0.014) and trended toward improvement in most other areas under study. Exploratory analyses suggest that EMPOWER had a greater effect for black subjects (vs. whites) on reducing concern about stigma. At three months, the intervention group trended better on most study outcomes.

conclusionEMPOWER is a promising model to reduce barriers to pain management in hospice.

Indexed as

AgedAnalgesicsCaregiversFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHospice CareHospicesHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMiddle AgedPainPain ManagementPilot ProjectsSubstance-Related DisordersSurveys and QuestionnairesAnalgesicsaddictionbarriersfamily caregiversfears and worries about pain medicineHospiceinterventionpain medicinepalliative carestigma

Identifiers

PMID24880000
PMCPMC5512875

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.