ArticleMolecular neurobiology2014
Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS): molecular neurogenetic evidence for predisposition to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS).
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 185 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anterior Cingulate Cortex Implants for Alcohol Addiction: A Feasibility Study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2020Trial
- Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Common Neurogenetic Trait/State of All Addictions: Is this the new DSM?British journal of healthcare and medical research · 2026Article
- Influence of reward-related genetic variants on BMI and predisposition to obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Billions Spent, Few Saved: Rethinking National Institutes of Health HEAL Initiative in Light of Dopaminergic Alternatives to the Opioid Trap.International journal of spine surgery · 2025Article
- Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29).Dusunen adam : Bakirkoy Ruh ve Sinir Hastaliklari Hastanesi yayin organi · 2025Article
- Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Inflammaging in the Management of Spine Pain: The Case for Genetically Directed Dopamine Homeostasis.International journal of spine surgery · 2025Article
- Psychometric properties of the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire among a non-clinical sample and its relationship with the characteristics of potentially addictive behaviors.Addictive behaviors reports · 2025Article
- Is It Scientifically Possible To 'Cure" Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Via Transplice Molecular Genetic Technology?Acta scientific neurology · 2025Article
- Neurospirituality Connectome - Role in Neurology and Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS).Neurology (E-Cronicon) · 2025Article
- Seeking Satisfaction Among Israeli Young Adults: The Roles of Gratification, Compensation, Reward Deficiency Syndrome, and Compulsivity in Relation to Addictive Behaviors.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Precision Genomics: A Reality Having Universal Impact in a New Era of Psychiatry - Lessons Learned, Past and Present.Journal of addiction psychiatry · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive 4-layeredCurrent pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Article
- Evidence Based Clinical Analytics Supporting the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Assessment to Early Identify Probands in Preaddiction.EC psychology and psychiatry · 2024Article
- Molecular and Environmental Determinants of Addictive Substances.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Summary Document Research on RDS Anti-addiction Modeling: Annotated Bibliography.Journal of addiction psychiatry · 2024Article
- Stigmata that are desired: Contradictions in addiction.Addiction research & theory · 2024Article
- Is There a Natural, Non-addictive, and Non-anti-reward, Safe, Gene-based Solution to Treat Reward Deficiency Syndrome? KB220 Variants vs GLP-1 Analogs.Journal of addiction psychiatry · 2024Article
- A historical perspective on clonidine as an alpha-2A receptor agonist in the treatment of addictive behaviors: Focus on opioid dependence.INNOSC theranostics & pharmacological sciences · 2024Article
- Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) regional expression and roles in pathological conditions.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We have published extensively on the neurogenetics of brain reward systems with reference to the genes related to dopaminergic function in particular. In 1996, we coined "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS), to portray behaviors found to have gene-based association with hypodopaminergic function. RDS as a useful concept has been embraced in many subsequent studies, to increase our understanding of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), addictions, and other obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behaviors. Interestingly, albeit others, in one published study, we were able to describe lifetime RDS behaviors in a recovering addict (17 years sober) blindly by assessing resultant Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS™) data only. We hypothesize that genetic testing at an early age may be an effective preventive strategy to reduce or eliminate pathological substance and behavioral seeking activity. Here, we consider a select number of genes, their polymorphisms, and associated risks for RDS whereby, utilizing GWAS, there is evidence for convergence to reward candidate genes. The evidence presented serves as a plausible brain-print providing relevant genetic information that will reinforce targeted therapies, to improve recovery and prevent relapse on an individualized basis. The primary driver of RDS is a hypodopaminergic trait (genes) as well as epigenetic states (methylation and deacetylation on chromatin structure). We now have entered a new era in addiction medicine that embraces the neuroscience of addiction and RDS as a pathological condition in brain reward circuitry that calls for appropriate evidence-based therapy and early genetic diagnosis and that requires further intensive investigation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.