ReviewThe Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry2015
A starring role for microglia in brain sex differences.
Review in The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 346 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific differences in zebrafish brains.Biology of sex differences · 2022Pooled it
- Evidence of susceptibility to autism risks associated with early life ambient air pollution: A systematic review.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- Gq Signaling in Microglia Triggers Interferon Responses and Improves Outcome After Ischemic Stroke.Glia · 2026Article
- Differential effects of P2Y12 inhibition on sleep and glymphatic function in male and female mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neonatal estradiol influences regional gene expression for early sex-specific inflammatory responses in the 5xFAD mouse model.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Cave adaptation drives coordinated transcriptional remodeling across diverse cell types in the brain of a teleost fish.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Impact of prenatal LPS on sepsis-related neurobiological outcomes.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Dual Role of Microglial TREM2 in Neuronal Degeneration and Regeneration After Axotomy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in microglia morphology and function across the lifespan are mediated by the early hormone environment.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- A vicious cycle of microglial dysfunction: bridging synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation across the neurodevelopmental continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex-associated transcriptional changes to synovial macrophages in the aging joint.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the neuroimmune response following heavy, binge-like alcohol exposure in adolescent rats.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Ethanol Exposure Increases Oxygen Consumption by Developing Cerebral Arteries in a Trimester-, Concentration- and Sex-Dependent Manner.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Early Life Injury Alters Spinal Astrocyte Development.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Prenatal immune origins of brain aging differ by sex.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Microglia mediate the early-life programming of adult glucose control.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Modelling the effect of allopregnanolone on the resolution of spike-wave discharges.Journal of computational neuroscience · 2025Article
- Trehalose enhances macrophage autophagy to promote myelin debris clearance after spinal cord injury.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- The microglial response to inhibition of Colony-stimulating-factor-1 receptor by PLX3397 differs by sex in adult mice.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences in relapse-independent and relapse-associated disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a real-world inverse-probability weighted study.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been understood to be crucial to maintenance in the nervous system, by clearing debris, monitoring for infiltration of infectious agents, and mediating the brain's inflammatory and repair response to traumatic injury, stroke, or neurodegeneration. A wave of new research has shown that microglia are also active players in many basic processes in the healthy brain, including cell proliferation, synaptic connectivity, and physiology. Microglia, both in their capacity as phagocytic cells and via secretion of many neuroactive molecules, including cytokines and growth factors, play a central role in early brain development, including sexual differentiation of the brain. In this review, we present the vast roles microglia play in normal brain development and how perturbations in the normal neuroimmune environment during development may contribute to the etiology of brain-based disorders. There are notable differences between microglia and neuroimmune signaling in the male and female brain throughout the life span, and these differences may contribute to the vast differences in the incidence of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders between males and females.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.