Trial reportSchizophrenia bulletin2015
Comparison of SGA oral medications and a long-acting injectable SGA: the PROACTIVE study.
Trial report in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00330863 (Preventing Relapse), which is not on this map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Preventing Relapse: Oral Antipsychotics Compared To Injectables: Evaluating Efficacy (PROACTIVE)
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- All-cause mortality risk in long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable vs Oral Antipsychotics in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Studies.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2018Pooled it
- Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Combination Antipsychotic Therapies: An Analysis From a Longitudinal Pragmatic Trial.Journal of clinical psychopharmacology · 2017Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone Palmitate Versus Haloperidol Decanoate in Maintenance Treatment of Schizophrenia.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2016Trial
- Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics-A Review on Formulation and In Vitro Dissolution.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Article
- Longitudinal study of inflammation and relapse in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2023Article
- Sociodemographic, clinical and pharmacological factors influencing early readmission in mental health settings.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2022Article
- Attitudes and perceptions about the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics among behavioral health practitioners.The mental health clinician · 2022Article
- Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology: "Guideline for Pharmacological Therapy of Schizophrenia".Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2021Article
- Time to Rehospitalization in Patients With Schizophrenia Receiving Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics or Oral Antipsychotics.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Observational
- Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Long-acting Injectable and Oral Second-generation Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Review
- Medication Adherence and Discontinuation of Aripiprazole Once-Monthly 400 mg (AOM 400) Versus Oral Antipsychotics in Patients with Schizophrenia or Bipolar I Disorder: A Real-World Study Using US Claims Data.Advances in therapy · 2018Article
- Comparison of readmission data between different categories of antipsychotic drugs at a state psychiatric hospital in Oregon.The mental health clinician · 2017Article
- Barriers to the Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in the Management of Schizophrenia.CNS drugs · 2016Review
- Access to Addiction Pharmacotherapy in Private Health Plans.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2016Article
- Inpatient resource use and costs associated with switching from oral antipsychotics to aripiprazole once-monthly for the treatment of schizophrenia.Drugs in context · 2016Article
- Long-acting injectable versus daily oral antipsychotic treatment trials in schizophrenia: pragmatic versus explanatory study designs.International clinical psychopharmacology · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 13 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Until relatively recently, long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations were only available for first-generation antipsychotics and their utilization decreased as use of oral second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) increased. Although registry-based naturalistic studies show LAIs reduce rehospitalization more than oral medications in clinical practice, this is not seen in recent randomized clinical trials. PROACTIVE (Preventing Relapse Oral Antipsychotics Compared to Injectables Evaluating Efficacy) relapse prevention study incorporated efficacy and effectiveness features. At 8 US academic centers, 305 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomly assigned to LAI risperidone (LAI-R) or physician's choice oral SGAs. Patients were evaluated during the 30-month study by masked, centralized assessors using 2-way video, and monitored biweekly by on-site clinicians and assessors who knew treatment assignment. Relapse was evaluated by a masked Relapse Monitoring Board. Differences between LAI-R and oral SGA treatment in time to first relapse and hospitalization were not significant. Psychotic symptoms and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score improved more in the LAI-R group. In contrast, the LAI group had higher Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms Alogia scale scores. There were no other between-group differences in symptoms or functional improvement. Despite the advantage for psychotic symptoms, LAI-R did not confer an advantage over oral SGAs for relapse or rehospitalization. Biweekly monitoring, not focusing specifically on patients with demonstrated nonadherence to treatment and greater flexibility in changing medication in the oral treatment arm, may contribute to the inability to detect differences between LAI and oral SGA treatment in clinical trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.