ArticleBreastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
Greater mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm infants fed a diet containing cow milk protein products.
Article in Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Post-Discharge Evaluation of Human Milk Cream Study Infants at 18 to 24 Month CGA: A Randomized Trial of the Use of Human Milk Cream to Decrease Length of Stay in Extremely Premature Infants
Intestinal Microbiota and Short Term Outcomes in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Primarily Donor Human Milk Compared to Infants Fed Primarily Mother's Own Milk
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Exclusive human milk diet and mortality before discharge in premature and very low birthweight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Mother's Own Milk and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Source of human milk (mother or donor) is more important than fortifier type (human or bovine) in shaping the preterm infant microbiome.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Trial
- Effect of Maternal Diet on Any Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2022Trial
- Improved feeding tolerance and growth are linked to increased gut microbial community diversity in very-low-birth-weight infants fed mother's own milk compared with donor breast milk.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Role of days postdelivery on breast milk production: a secondary analysis from theInternational breastfeeding journal · 2019Trial
- Postoperative Enteral Nutrition Guidelines Reduce the Risk of Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in Surgical Infants.The Journal of pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Premature Infants 750-1,250 g Birth Weight Supplemented with a Novel Human Milk-Derived Cream Are Discharged Sooner.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2016Trial
- Beyond Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Other Clinical Advantages of an Exclusive Human Milk Diet.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineTrial
- Adverse Events Following Cow's Milk-Derived Human Milk Fortification: A Nationwide Human Milk Bank Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Comparing necrotizing enterocolitis risk among extremely preterm infants by use of human-milk or bovine-milk-based fortifier.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Early feeding and fluid volume associations with adverse in-hospital outcomes among premature newborns.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Growth and safety evaluation in very low birth weight infants receiving an exclusive human milk diet: a phase III randomized control trial in Japan.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Cost-Benefit Analysis of Increasing the Exclusive Breastfeeding Rate in Italy.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProvision of human milk has important implications for the health and outcomes of extremely preterm (EP) infants. This study evaluated the effects of an exclusive human milk diet on the health of EP infants during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. SUBJECTS AND
methodsEP infants <1,250 g birth weight received a diet consisting of either human milk fortified with a human milk protein-based fortifier (HM) (n=167) or a diet containing variable amounts of milk containing cow milk-based protein (CM) (n=93). Principal outcomes were mortality, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), growth, and duration of parenteral nutrition (PN).
resultsMortality (2% versus 8%, p=0.004) and NEC (5% versus 17%, p=0.002) differed significantly between the HM and CM groups, respectively. For every 10% increase in the volume of milk containing CM, the risk of sepsis increased by 17.9% (p<0.001). Growth rates were similar between groups. The duration of PN was 8 days less in the subgroup of infants receiving a diet containing <10% CM versus ≥10% CM (p<0.02).
conclusionsAn exclusive human milk diet, devoid of CM-containing products, was associated with lower mortality and morbidity in EP infants without compromising growth and should be considered as an approach to nutritional care of these infants.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.