ReviewJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2014
Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: from basic science to clinical practice.
Review in Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04449211 (The Effectiveness in the Treatment of Long Bone Defect in Adults Using 3D-printed Titanium Alloy Implant), which is not on this map. Cited by 423 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effectiveness in the Treatment of Long Bone Defect in Adults Using 3D-printed Titanium Alloy Implant
Who cites it
423 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,098 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functionalization Strategies of Chitosan-Based Scaffolds with Growth Factors for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review.Marine drugs · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy on fusion rate in spinal surgery using osteobiologics for patients with metastatic spinal disease: a systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- Effectiveness of synthetic versus autologous bone grafts in foot and ankle surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Effectiveness of bone substitute materials in opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Speed and quality of interbody fusion in porous bioceramic AlJournal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Trial
- Sharp force trauma analysis without animal bones: A proposal for sustainable and ethical bone proxies.Journal of forensic sciences · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Bone Remodeling Dynamics and Bone Vitality Following Standard Bone Augmentation Procedures: A Review.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Silk Fibroin-Modified Titanium Implants for Bone Tissue Engineering: Structural Basis, Functionalization and Composite Strategies.Macromolecular bioscience · 2026Review
- Recurrent Midshaft Clavicle Nonunion with a Large Segmental Bone Defect Treated with Autologous Iliac Crest Bone Graft and Dual Plating: A Case Report.Journal of orthopaedic case reports · 2026Article
- Hierarchical Silica-Cellulose Nanoarchitectures from Rice Straw: A Waste-to-Value Platform for Autonomous Osteogenic Bone Regeneration.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Blood and lymphatic vascular network in bone injury repair: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Clinical evaluation of a novel cotton-like β-tricalcium phosphate, poly-L-lactic acid, and polyglycolic acid bone graft material for jawbone defects following cystectomy.Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons · 2026Article
- Reciprocal Macrophage-MSC Crosstalk Drives Immunomodulatory and Regenerative Phenotypes in a Mineralized Collagen Scaffold.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2026Article
- Peptide-conjugated biodegradable polyester scaffolds for bone regeneration.Biomaterials · 2026Review
- [Preparation andZhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Early Osteogenic and Stromal Marker Responses of Osteoblast-like and Bone-Marrow Stromal Cell Lines to a Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Xenogeneic Bone Graft: An Exploratory In Vitro Analysis.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Multifunctional YJournal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Expert consensus on the management of third molar health.International journal of oral science · 2026Review
- Article
- Innovations in Implant Osseointegration: Biomaterials, Surface Engineering, and Translational Strategies.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2026Review
363 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bone substitutes are being increasingly used in surgery as over two millions bone grafting procedures are performed worldwide per year. Autografts still represent the gold standard for bone substitution, though the morbidity and the inherent limited availability are the main limitations. Allografts, i.e. banked bone, are osteoconductive and weakly osteoinductive, though there are still concerns about the residual infective risks, costs and donor availability issues. As an alternative, xenograft substitutes are cheap, but their use provided contrasting results, so far. Ceramic-based synthetic bone substitutes are alternatively based on hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphates, and are widely used in the clinical practice. Indeed, despite being completely resorbable and weaker than cortical bone, they have exhaustively proved to be effective. Biomimetic HAs are the evolution of traditional HA and contains ions (carbonates, Si, Sr, Fl, Mg) that mimic natural HA (biomimetic HA). Injectable cements represent another evolution, enabling mininvasive techniques. Bone morphogenetic proteins (namely BMP2 and 7) are the only bone inducing growth factors approved for human use in spine surgery and for the treatment of tibial nonunion. Demineralized bone matrix and platelet rich plasma did not prove to be effective and their use as bone substitutes remains controversial. Experimental cell-based approaches are considered the best suitable emerging strategies in several regenerative medicine application, including bone regeneration. In some cases, cells have been used as bioactive vehicles delivering osteoinductive genes locally to achieve bone regeneration. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells have been widely exploited for this purpose, being multipotent cells capable of efficient osteogenic potential. Here we intend to review and update the alternative available techniques used for bone fusion, along with some hints on the advancements achieved through the experimental research in this field.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.