ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2014
Glucocorticoids and fetal programming part 2: Mechanisms.
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 449 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risks to the Unborn: An Umbrella Review on the Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress Caused by Natural Disasters.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025Pooled it
- Prenatal stress accelerates offspring growth to compensate for reduced maternal investment across mammals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Pooled it
- Maternal cortisol and stress are associated with birth outcomes, but are not affected by lipid-based nutrient supplements during pregnancy: an analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in rural Malawi.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2015Trial
- Maternal Hypoxia Alters Glucocorticoid Regulation in Adult Female Offspring and Their Embryonic Progeny.Developmental neuroscience · 2026Article
- Time-dependent association between prenatal hair glucocorticoid levels and child behavior problems.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Associations between Prenatal Perceived Stress and Child Autism-Related Traits in the ECHO Cohort.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- The intersection of neuroscience, socioeconomic status, and preterm birth.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure programs long-term left ventricular metabolism, function, and remodeling in baboons.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2026Article
- Lipidomics of allantoic fluid collected by allantocentesis indicates a possible mechanism underlying partial litter loss in multifetal pregnancies of ewes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Serpina3c protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in offspring induced by prenatal prednisone exposure.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- The Pivotal Role of GR-CAR Pathway in Fetal Programming of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A Alteration in Adulthood.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Impact of prenatal environmental exposure on offspring neurodevelopment and susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and perspectives.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Dexamethasone dosage and course effects on respiratory outcomes in preterm twins: retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Treatment During Pregnancy and Offspring Functional and Structural Neurodevelopment: A Cross-Sectional Study.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Insulin Resistance in Offspring With Intrauterine Growth Restriction Mediated by Hepatic GR/miR-1224 Programming.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- The human placenta and its role in reproductive outcomes revisited.Physiological reviews · 2025Review
- Cortisol as a Mediator of Prenatal Distress and Difficult Infant Temperament: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy in Late Preterm Twins: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Abnormal chenodexycholic acid metabolism programming promotes cartilage matrix degradation in male adult offspring rats induced by prenatal caffeine exposure.Toxicology research · 2025Article
- Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease: Mind the Gap Between Reality and Expectations.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The lifelong health of an individual is shaped during critical periods of development. The fetus is particularly susceptible to internal and external stimuli, many of which can alter developmental trajectories and subsequent susceptibility to disease. Glucocorticoids are critical in normal development of the fetus, as they are involved in the growth and maturation of many organ systems. The surge in fetal glucocorticoid levels that occurs in most mammalian species over the last few days of pregnancy is an important developmental switch leading to fundamental changes in gene regulation in many organs, including the brain. These changes are important for the transition to postnatal life. Exposure of the fetus to increased levels of glucocorticoids, resulting from maternal stress or treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids, can lead to long-term 'programming' of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and behaviours. Glucocorticoids act at multiple levels within the fetal brain. Growing evidence indicates that they can exert powerful effects on the epigenome, including on DNA methylation, histone acetylation and microRNA, to influence gene expression. Such influences probably represent a critical component of the 'programming' process, and might be partly responsible for the transgenerational effects of antenatal glucocorticoid exposure on neurologic, cardiovascular and metabolic function.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.