Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24859198›Full record

ArticleJournal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)2014

A framework for accurate determination of the T₂ distribution from multiple echo magnitude MRI images.

Ruiliang Bai, Cheng Guan Koay, Elizabeth Hutchinson, Peter J Basser

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. MultidimensionalbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  2. Micron-resolution Imaging of Cortical Bone under 14 T Ultrahigh Magnetic Field.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ruiliang BaiSection on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biophysics Program, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: ruiliang.bai@nih.gov.
Cheng Guan KoayDepartment of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Elizabeth HutchinsonSection on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Peter J BasserSection on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Funding

Imaging Water Diffusion in the Brain and in Other Soft TissuesZIAHD000266 · NICHD · EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT · PI BASSER, PETER J. · 2009 to 2017
$3.3M
Functional Properties Of Extracellular MatrixZIAHD000267 · NICHD · EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT · PI BASSER, PETER J. · 2009 to 2017
$3.2M
Physical-chemical Aspects Of Cell And Tissue ExcitabilityZIAHD000268 · NICHD · EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT · PI BASSER, PETER J. · 2009 to 2017
$796k
Intramural NIH HHS Z99 HD999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Measurement of the T2 distribution in tissues provides biologically relevant information about normal and abnormal microstructure and organization. Typically, the T2 distribution is obtained by fitting the magnitude MR images acquired by a multi-echo MRI pulse sequence using an inverse Laplace transform (ILT) algorithm. It is well known that the ideal magnitude MR signal follows a Rician distribution. Unfortunately, studies attempting to establish the validity and efficacy of the ILT algorithm assume that these input signals are Gaussian distributed. Violation of the normality (or Gaussian) assumption introduces unexpected artifacts, including spurious cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-like long T2 components; bias of the true geometric mean T2 values and in the relative fractions of various components; and blurring of nearby T2 peaks in the T2 distribution. Here we apply and extend our previously proposed magnitude signal transformation framework to map noisy Rician-distributed magnitude multi-echo MRI signals into Gaussian-distributed signals with high accuracy and precision. We then perform an ILT on the transformed data to obtain an accurate T2 distribution. Additionally, we demonstrate, by simulations and experiments, that this approach corrects the aforementioned artifacts in magnitude multi-echo MR images over a large range of signal-to-noise ratios.

Indexed as

AlgorithmsModels, StatisticalComputer SimulationEcho-Planar ImagingImage EnhancementImage Interpretation, Computer-AssistedReproducibility of ResultsSensitivity and SpecificityGaussianMagnitudeMRIMulti-echoProbability integral transformRicianSignalT(2) distribution

Identifiers

PMID24859198
PMCPMC4086921

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.