ArticleDiabetes & metabolism journal2014
The appropriateness of the length of insulin needles based on determination of skin and subcutaneous fat thickness in the abdomen and upper arm in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Article in Diabetes & metabolism journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analyzing the impact of subcutaneous injection needle, device, and administration characteristics on patient pain, anxiety, and safety: a systematic literature review.Drug delivery · 2026Pooled it
- What variables should inform needle length choice for deltoid intramuscular injection? A systematic review.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- Subcutaneous Injection Depth Does Not Affect the Pharmacokinetics or Glucodynamics of Insulin Lispro in Normal Weight or Healthy Obese Subjects.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2015Trial
- Ultrasound-Guided Skin and Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Profiling for Insulin Delivery in Overweight and Obese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Malaysian Study.Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 2026Article
- Effects of mechanical and electrical stimulation on accelerating greenstick fracture Healing: Insights from finite element analysis and experimental validation.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Sensor arrangement strategy for effective bowel sound source localization.Biomedical engineering letters · 2025Article
- Quad-Band 1 × 4 Linear MIMO Antenna for Millimeter-Wave, Wearable and Biomedical Telemetry Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Ultrasonographic features of the skin and subcutis: correlations with the severity of breast cancer-related lymphedema.Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Article
- Investigation of appropriate needle length considering skin thickness with the real injection posture for insulin injections in diabetic patients.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccination and the skin to deltoid MUSCLE distance in adults with diabetes.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Human continuous glucose monitors for measurement of glucose in dairy cows.JDS communications · 2022Article
- Abdominal skin subcutaneous fat thickness over the gestational period in Korean pregnant women: a descriptive observational study.Korean journal of women health nursing · 2021Article
- Subcutaneous Injection of Drugs: Literature Review of Factors Influencing Pain Sensation at the Injection Site.Advances in therapy · 2019Review
- The Injection Technique Factor: What You Don't Know or Teach Can Make a Difference.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2019Article
- Evaluating the Impact of Human Factors and Pen Needle Design on Insulin Pen Injection.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2019Article
- Insulin Injection Technique in China Compared with the Rest of the World.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2018Article
- Ultrasound-guided measurement of skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness in children with diabetes and recommendations for giving insulin injections.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2018Article
- Comment on the New Indian Injection Technique Recommendations: Critical Appraisal of the Real-World Implementation of the Current Guidelines.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2017Article
- Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy Expert Recommendations, India: The Indian Recommendations for Best Practice in Insulin Injection Technique, 2017.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolismReview
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLonger needle and complicated insulin injection technique such as injecting at a 45-degree angle and making skinfolds may decrease patient compliance to insulin injection therapy. In this light, shorter insulin needles have been recently developed. However, it is necessary to ascertain that such shorter needles are appropriate for Korean patients with diabetes as well.
methodsFirst, the diverse demographic and diabetic features of 156 Korean adults with diabetes were collected by a questionnaire and a device unit of body fat measurement. The skin and subcutaneous fat thicknesses of each subject were measured by Ultrasound device with a 7- to 12-MHz probe. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression.
resultsThe mean skin thickness was 2.29±0.37 mm in the abdomen and 2.00±0.34 mm in the upper arms, and the mean subcutaneous fat thickness was to 10.15±6.54 mm in the abdomen and 5.50±2.68 mm in the upper arms. Our analysis showed that the factors affecting the skin thickness of the abdomen and upper arms were gender and body mass index (BMI), whereas the factors influencing the subcutaneous fat thickness in the abdomen were gender and BMI, and the factors influencing the subcutaneous fat thickness in the upper arms were gender, BMI, and age. Insulin fluids may not appear to be intradermally injected into the abdomen and upper arms at any needle lengths. The risk of intramuscular injection is likely to increase with longer insulin needles and lower BMI.
conclusionIt is recommended to fully inform the patients about the lengths of needles for insulin injections. As for the recommended needle length, the findings of this study indicate that needles as short as 4 mm are sufficient to deliver insulin for Korean patients with diabetes.
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