Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24850388›Full record

ReviewAnnual review of nutrition2014

Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate.

Jennifer T Smilowitz, Carlito B Lebrilla, David A Mills, J Bruce German, Samara L Freeman

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Annual review of nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 195 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
195citing papers in PubMed
18.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01817127 active not recruitingnot on this map

Functional Deconstruction of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Lipids

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of California, DavisRan2009 to 2028Enrolled395ConditionsHealthy, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT02457338 naactive not recruitingnot on this map

Infant Supplementation With Probiotic Bifidobacterium Longum Subsp. Infantis Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, DavisRan2014 to 2027Enrolled120ConditionsHealthyArmsBifidobacterium
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

195 citing papers in PubMed, 402 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Effects of maternal allergy and supplementation with ω-3 fatty acid and probiotic on human milk oligosaccharides.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025
    Trial
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  7. Review
  8. Article
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  10. Review
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  15. Review
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  17. The fifty billion dollar question: does formula cause necrotizing enterocolitis?Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. The association of human milk intake and outcomes in biliary atresia.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025
    Observational

135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jennifer T SmilowitzDepartment of Food Science and Technology.
Carlito B Lebrilla
David A Mills
J Bruce German
Samara L Freeman
University of California, Davis · US

Funding

Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Prevention and PredictionR01HD059127 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI LEBRILLA, CARLITO B, MILLS, DAVID ANDREW · 2008 to 2012
$3.1M
Mechanism of Activation of Probiotic Bifidobacteria by Prebiotic Milk GlycansR01AT007079 · NCCIH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI GERMAN, BRUCE, LEBRILLA, CARLITO B · 2012 to 2016
$2.2M
Oligosaccharides as antimicrobials and prebioticsR01HD065122 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI CHEN, XI · 2010 to 2013
$1.8M
Structures, Functions, & Genetic Diversity of Oligosaccharides in MilkR01HD061923 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI LEBRILLA, CARLITO B · 2009 to 2013
$1.6M
Activation of Host-Probiotic Communication by Prebiotic Milk OligosaccharidesR21AT006180 · NCCIH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI MILLS, DAVID ANDREW, RAYBOULD, HELEN E · 2011 to 2012
$421k
NCCIH NIH HHS R01 AT007079NCCIH NIH HHS R01AT007079NCCIH NIH HHS R21 AT006180NCCIH NIH HHS R21AT006180NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD059127NICHD NIH HHS R01HD059127NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD061923NICHD NIH HHS R01HD061923NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD065122NICHD NIH HHS R01HD065122
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In addition to providing complete postnatal nutrition, breast milk is a complex biofluid that delivers bioactive components for the growth and development of the intestinal and immune systems. Lactation is a unique opportunity to understand the role of diet in shaping the intestinal environment including the infant microbiome. Of considerable interest is the diversity and abundance of milk glycans that are energetically costly for the mammary gland to produce yet indigestible by infants. Milk glycans comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Emerging technological advances are enabling more comprehensive, sensitive, and rapid analyses of these different classes of milk glycans. Understanding the impact of inter- and intraindividual glycan diversity on function is an important step toward interventions aimed at improving health and preventing disease. This review discusses the state of technology for glycan analysis and how specific structure-function knowledge is enhancing our understanding of early nutrition in the neonate.

Indexed as

Breast FeedingChild DevelopmentModels, BiologicalBifidobacteriumCarbohydrate SequenceFemaleGlycolipidsGlycopeptidesGlycoproteinsHumansImmunity, InnateInfant, NewbornIntestinal MucosaLactationMaleMilk, HumanGlycolipidsGlycopeptidesGlycoproteinsMilk ProteinsOligosaccharidesbifidobacteriabreast milk glycansglycomicsimmunityintestinal barrier function

Identifiers

PMID24850388
PMCPMC4348064
OpenAlexW2157542971

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.