ArticleNature2014
The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems.
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Article in Nature, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 327 papers.
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327citing papers in PubMed
155.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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327 citing papers in PubMed, 745 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Neural connectome of the ctenophore statocyst.eLife · 2026Article
- The evolutionary origins of synaptic proteins and their changing roles in different organisms across evolution.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
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- Neurite branching is associated with mixed microtubule polarity in sea anemone neurons.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Beyond synapses: cytoplasmic connections in brain function and evolution.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- β-Catenin localization in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests an ancestral role in cell adhesion and nuclear function.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2025Article
- The life cycle of type IV collagen.Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology · 2025Review
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- Ctenophores and parahoxozoans independently evolved functionally diverse voltage-gated K+ channels.The Journal of general physiology · 2025Article
- Roots and early routes of neuroendocrinology.Cell and tissue research · 2025Review
- Neuropeptides: The Evergreen Jack-of-All-Trades in Neuronal Circuit Development and Regulation.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025Review
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267 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
36 authors at 15 institutions in 6 countries.
Leonid L Moroz1] The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA [2] Department of Neuroscience & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA [3] Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
Kevin M KocotDepartment of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
Mathew R CitarellaThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Sohn DosungThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Tigran P Norekian1] The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA [2] Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
Inna S Povolotskaya1] Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
Anastasia P Grigorenko1] Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, USA [2] Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Gubkina 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Christopher DaileyDepartment of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Eugene BerezikovEuropean Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen Medical Center, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3226, Room 03.34, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
Katherine M BuckleyDepartment of Medical Biophysics and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
Andrey PtitsynThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Denis ReshetovVavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Gubkina 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Krishanu MukherjeeThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Tatiana P MorozThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Yelena BobkovaThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Fahong YuDepartment of Neuroscience & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
Vladimir V KapitonovGenetic Information Research Institute, 1925 Landings Dr., Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
Jerzy JurkaGenetic Information Research Institute, 1925 Landings Dr., Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
Yuri V BobkovThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Joshua J Swore1] The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA [2] Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
David O Girardo1] The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA [2] Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
Alexander FodorThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Fedor Gusev1] Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, USA [2] Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Gubkina 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Rachel SanfordThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
Rebecca Bruders1] The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA [2] Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
Ellen KittlerProgram in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 222 Maple Avenue, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, USA.
Claudia E MillsFriday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
Jonathan P RastDepartment of Medical Biophysics and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
Romain Derelle1] Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
Victor V SolovyevDepartment of Computer Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
Fyodor A Kondrashov1] Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain [3] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
Billie J SwallaFriday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
Jonathan V SweedlerDepartment of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Evgeny I Rogaev1] Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, USA [2] Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Gubkina 3, Moscow 119991, Russia [3] Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, RAS, Lavrentyev Avenue, 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia [4] Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
Kenneth M HalanychDepartment of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
Andrea B KohnThe Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
University of Florida · USUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical School · USUniversity of Washington · USAuburn University · USCentre for Genomic Regulation · ESGenetic Information Research Institute · USLuxel (United States) · USUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · USNeuropsychiatric Research Institute · USPompeu Fabra University · ESRoyal Holloway University of London · GBSunnybrook Research InstituteUniversity of Groningen · NLUniversity of Toronto · CAVavilov Institute of General Genetics · RU
Funding
The UIUC Neuroproteomics Center on Cell-Cell SignalingP30DA018310 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN · PI Elena V Romanova · 2004 to 2026
$24.9MGenomic Approaches to Deciphering Memory CircuitsR01MH097062 · NIMH · COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE · PI JU, JINGYUE, KANDEL, ERIC R · 2012 to 2016
$2.0MGenomic Bases of Behavioral Learning: Single Cell ApproachesR01GM097502 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI HAWKINS, ROBERT D, MOROZ, LEONID L · 2011 to 2014
$1.6MFunction of intramembrane aspartic proteaseR01AG029360 · NIA · UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER · PI ROGAEV, EVGENY I · 2008 to 2012
$1.6MIllumina Genome Analyzer IIx for UMass Deep Sequencing CoreS10RR027052 · NCRR · UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER · PI WOLFE, SCOT A · 2010 to 2010
$489kGenomic Dissection of Circuit DynamicsR21RR025699 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI BUCHER, DIRK MARTIN, MOROZ, LEONID L · 2009 to 2010
$408kSpatial Organization of the Genome in Identified Neurons of Memory CircuitsR21DA030118 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI MOROZ, LEONID L · 2010 to 2011
$350kHoward Hughes Medical Institute 55007424NCRR NIH HHS 1S10RR027052NCRR NIH HHS R21 RR025699NCRR NIH HHS R21RR025699NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR027052NIA NIH HHS R01 AG029360NIDA NIH HHS 5R21DA030118NIDA NIH HHS P30 DA018310NIDA NIH HHS R21 DA030118NIGMS NIH HHS 1R01GM097502NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM097502NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH097062NIMH NIH HHS R01MH097062
Abstract
The origins of neural systems remain unresolved. In contrast to other basal metazoans, ctenophores (comb jellies) have both complex nervous and mesoderm-derived muscular systems. These holoplanktonic predators also have sophisticated ciliated locomotion, behaviour and distinct development. Here we present the draft genome of Pleurobrachia bachei, Pacific sea gooseberry, together with ten other ctenophore transcriptomes, and show that they are remarkably distinct from other animal genomes in their content of neurogenic, immune and developmental genes. Our integrative analyses place Ctenophora as the earliest lineage within Metazoa. This hypothesis is supported by comparative analysis of multiple gene families, including the apparent absence of HOX genes, canonical microRNA machinery, and reduced immune complement in ctenophores. Although two distinct nervous systems are well recognized in ctenophores, many bilaterian neuron-specific genes and genes of 'classical' neurotransmitter pathways either are absent or, if present, are not expressed in neurons. Our metabolomic and physiological data are consistent with the hypothesis that ctenophore neural systems, and possibly muscle specification, evolved independently from those in other animals.
Indexed as
Evolution, MolecularNervous SystemAnimalsCtenophoraGenes, DevelopmentalGenes, HomeoboxGenomeMesodermMetabolomicsMicroRNAsMolecular Sequence DataMusclesNeuronsNeurotransmitter AgentsPhylogenyTranscriptomeMicroRNAsNeurotransmitter Agents
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