ReviewFrontiers in immunology2014
Endocrine factors modulating immune responses in pregnancy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 219 citations in OpenAlex.
- Critical analysis of pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Potential Protective Role of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Delaying Onset Symptoms Related to Multiple Sclerosis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of intrauterine injection of human chorionic gonadotropin before fresh embryo transfer on IVF and ICSI outcomes: a meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2018Pooled it
- Hormone therapy enhances anti-PD1 efficacy in premenopausal estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Parallel, Non-Inferiority Clinical Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Unicenta and Melsmon for Menopausal Symptom Improvement.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Trial
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Female reproductive status and ecological conditions impact the magnitude of sex differences in human immune status across the lifespan.Research square · 2026Article
- Prior Cytomegalovirus Infection Shapes Lymphocyte Activation and Function During Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Uterine epithelial estrogen receptor α temporally regulates preimplantation uterine immunity involving interleukin-1β signaling.Reproductive and developmental medicine · 2026Article
- The Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Embryonic Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Narrative Review.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Effect of intrauterine administration of platelet-rich plasma two days before timed artificial insemination in dairy cows on endometrial thickness and conception rate.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Human chorionic gonadotropin decreases cerebral cystic encephalomalacia and parvalbumin interneuron degeneration in a pro-inflammatory model of mouse neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cancer model with moving extinction threshold reproduces real cancer data.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- Fulminant and Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes Associated with Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comparative efficacy of intrauterine infusion treatments for recurrent implantation failure: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Review
- Preexisting vaccine-primed heterosubtypic T cell immunity protects the maternal-fetal unit from adverse influenza outcomes in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- The ENDOMIX perspective: how everyday chemical mixtures impact human health and reproduction by targeting the immune system†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Review
- From Womb to World: Exploring the Immunological Connections between Mother and Child.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Review
- Pregnancy-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are not associated with impaired maternal neuronal activity or memory function.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2024Article
- Changes in interleukin-2, -4, -6 and -8 expression in the postovulatory sow endometrium after artificial insemination based on conceived or failed to conceive.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2024Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
How the semi-allogeneic fetus is tolerated by the maternal immune system remains a fascinating phenomenon. Despite extensive research activity in this field, the mechanisms underlying fetal tolerance are still not well understood. However, there are growing evidences that immune-immune interactions as well as immune-endocrine interactions build up a complex network of immune regulation that ensures fetal survival within the maternal uterus. In the present review, we aim to summarize emerging research data from our and other laboratories on immune modulating properties of pregnancy hormones with a special focus on progesterone, estradiol, and human chorionic gonadotropin. These pregnancy hormones are critically involved in the successful establishment, maintenance, and termination of pregnancy. They suppress detrimental maternal alloresponses while promoting tolerance pathways. This includes the reduction of the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages as well as the blockage of natural killer cells, T and B cells. Pregnancy hormones also support the proliferation of pregnancy supporting uterine killer cells, retain tolerogenic DCs, and efficiently induce regulatory T (Treg) cells. Furthermore, they are involved in the recruitment of mast cells and Treg cells into the fetal-maternal interface contributing to a local accumulation of pregnancy-protective cells. These findings highlight the importance of endocrine factors for the tolerance induction during pregnancy and encourage further research in the field.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.