ArticlePLoS medicine2014
Gene-lifestyle interaction and type 2 diabetes: the EPIC interact case-cohort study.
Article in PLoS medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 232 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gene-Diet Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Does crime trigger genetic risk for type 2 diabetes in young adults? A G x E interaction study using national data.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Pooled it
- Blood copper and risk of cardiometabolic diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.Human molecular genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Gene-lifestyle interaction on risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2019Pooled it
- Quality of dietary fat and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes: individual participant data meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2019Pooled it
- Quantitative Relationship Between Cumulative Risk Alleles Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of epidemiology · 2018Pooled it
- Linking Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: Novel shared susceptibility genes detected by cFDR approach.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2017Pooled it
- Interaction of diabetes genetic risk and successful lifestyle modification in the Diabetes Prevention Programme.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Genetic susceptibility to diabetes and long-term improvement of insulin resistance and β cell function during weight loss: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Trial
- A narrative review of what cohorts have taught us and how they have laid the foundation for much of our understanding of type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Epigenetic and genetic factors modifying the association between diet quality and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-Potsdam cohort.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Association of genetic risk and physical activity with incident type 2 diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Association of the ITLN1 gene polymorphism with dietary patterns, glycemic factors, and anthropometric indices in women with prediabetes.Genes & nutrition · 2026Article
- Associations of Combined Genetic and Lifestyle Risks With Incident Type 2 Diabetes in the UK Biobank.Diabetes · 2026Article
- Interactions between genetic predisposition to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk, and food or beverage intake for incident type 2 diabetes: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) InterAct case-cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- SLC30A8 Rare Variant Modify Contribution of Common Genetic and Lifestyle Factors toward Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Single Fusion Pore Analysis via Single Cell Amperometry Uncovers Impaired Pore Expansion That Restricts Insulin Exocytosis in Human Type 2 Diabetes.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- Polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes shows context-dependent effects across populations.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Changes in food choices and dietary patterns during the lifestyle intervention and their association with type 2 diabetes risk in participants with high or low genetic risk for type 2 diabetes.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
47 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has progressed rapidly, but the interactions between common genetic variants and lifestyle risk factors have not been systematically investigated in studies with adequate statistical power. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the combined effects of genetic and lifestyle factors on risk of T2D in order to inform strategies for prevention. METHODS AND
findingsThe InterAct study includes 12,403 incident T2D cases and a representative sub-cohort of 16,154 individuals from a cohort of 340,234 European participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up. We studied the combined effects of an additive genetic T2D risk score and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors using Prentice-weighted Cox regression and random effects meta-analysis methods. The effect of the genetic score was significantly greater in younger individuals (p for interaction = 1.20×10-4). Relative genetic risk (per standard deviation [4.4 risk alleles]) was also larger in participants who were leaner, both in terms of body mass index (p for interaction = 1.50×10-3) and waist circumference (p for interaction = 7.49×10-9). Examination of absolute risks by strata showed the importance of obesity for T2D risk. The 10-y cumulative incidence of T2D rose from 0.25% to 0.89% across extreme quartiles of the genetic score in normal weight individuals, compared to 4.22% to 7.99% in obese individuals. We detected no significant interactions between the genetic score and sex, diabetes family history, physical activity, or dietary habits assessed by a Mediterranean diet score.
conclusionsThe relative effect of a T2D genetic risk score is greater in younger and leaner participants. However, this sub-group is at low absolute risk and would not be a logical target for preventive interventions. The high absolute risk associated with obesity at any level of genetic risk highlights the importance of universal rather than targeted approaches to lifestyle intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.