Observational studyAmerican journal of hypertension2015
Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children.
Observational study in American journal of hypertension, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension 2025 (JSH2025).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Guideline
- Prevalence of Secondary Hypertension in Otherwise Healthy Youths with a New Diagnosis of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis.The Journal of pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Narrative update of clinical trials with antihypertensive drugs in children and adolescents.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement From a Panel of Multidisciplinary Experts Coordinated by the French Society of Hypertension.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Updated Guideline May Improve the Recognition and Diagnosis of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents; Review of the 2017 AAP Blood Pressure Clinical Practice Guideline.Current hypertension reports · 2017Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics of childhood essential hypertension before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center retrospective study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- MicroRNAs in Pediatric Primary Hypertension: Promising Biomarkers or Context-Dependent Regulators?-A Narrative Review.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Prevalence and clinical characteristics of secondary hypertension in young hypertensive tertiary care patients.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Leptin, Interleukin 6, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as Potential Predictors of Primary Hypertension in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Current etiology of hypertension in European children - factors associated with primary hypertension.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Investigations for diagnosis of secondary hypertension in children: yield and costs.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Blood Pressure Variability and Low-Grade Inflammation in Pediatric Patients with Primary Hypertension.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction: The Pathogenesis of Pediatric Hypertension.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Monocyte-to-Neutrophil Ratio as an Immunological Marker of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with Primary Hypertension.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Association of Subclinical Inflammation Markers with Primary Hypertension in Children-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among children attending pre-schools in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- The association of obesity and hyperuricemia with ambulatory blood pressure in children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Hypertension prevalence in Korean adolescents according to parental hypertension: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Association between systemic inflammation markers and blood pressure among children and adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of hypertension for Korean children and adolescents: the Korean Working Group of Pediatric Hypertension.Kidney research and clinical practice · 2025Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe aim was to determine the proportions and correlates of essential hypertension among children in a tertiary pediatric hypertension clinic.
methodsWe evaluated 423 consecutive children and collected demographic and clinical history by retrospective chart review.
resultsWe identified 275 (65%) hypertensive children (blood pressure >95th percentile per the "Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents") from 423 children referred to the clinic for history of elevated blood pressure. The remainder of the patients had normotension (11%), white coat hypertension (11%), prehypertension (10%), and pending diagnosis (3%). Among the 275 hypertensive children, 43% (n = 119; boys = 56%; median age = 12 years; range = 3-17 years) had essential hypertension and 57% (n = 156; boys = 66%; median age = 9 years; range = 0.08-19 years) had secondary hypertension. When compared with those with secondary hypertension, those with essential hypertension had a significantly older age at diagnosis (P = 0.0002), stronger family history of hypertension (94% vs. 68%; P < 0.0001), and lower prevalence of preterm birth (20% vs. 46%; P < 0.001). There was a bimodal distribution of age of diagnosis in those with secondary hypertension.
conclusionsThe phenotype of essential hypertension can present as early as 3 years of age and is the predominant form of hypertension in children after age of 6 years. Among children with hypertension, those with essential hypertension present at an older age, have a stronger family history of hypertension, and have lower prevalence of preterm birth.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.