ArticleJournal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition2014
Effect of digestion and storage of human milk on free fatty acid concentration and cytotoxicity.
Article in Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Selective Targeting of Senescent FHs74Int Cells by Human Breast Milk Free Fatty Acids.Biology · 2025Article
- Effects of High Pressure on In Vitro Bioavailability of Curcumin Loaded in Whey Protein Isolate/Carrageenan Composite Emulsion Gel: In Vitro Digestion Coupled with Cell Culture Model.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recommendations for the establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank.Nutrition reviews · 2023Article
- Digested Human Colostrum Reduces Interleukin-8 Production in Induced Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Encapsulation of aFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Free Fatty Acid and α-Lactalbumin-Oleic Acid Complexes in Preterm Human Milk Are Cytotoxic to Fetal Intestinal CellsFrontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Review
- Lipid Profile, Lipase Bioactivity, and Lipophilic Antioxidant Content in High Pressure Processed Donor Human Milk.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Fat composition in infant formula contributes to the severity of necrotising enterocolitis.The British journal of nutrition · 2018Article
- Feeding at the Breast and Expressed Milk Feeding: Associations with Otitis Media and Diarrhea in Infants.The Journal of pediatrics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesFat is digested in the intestine into free fatty acids (FFAs), which are detergents and therefore toxic to cells at micromolar concentration. The mucosal barrier protects cells in the adult intestine, but this barrier may not be fully developed in premature infants. Lipase-digested infant formula, but not fresh human milk, has elevated FFAs and is cytotoxic to intestinal cells, and therefore could contribute to intestinal injury in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but even infants exclusively fed breast milk may develop NEC. Our objective was to determine whether stored milk and milk from donor milk (DM) banks could also become cytotoxic, especially after digestion.
methodsWe exposed cultured rat intestinal epithelial cells or human neutrophils to DM and milk collected fresh and stored at 4°C or -20°C for up to 12 weeks and then treated for 2 hours (37°C) with 0.1 or 1 mg/mL pancreatic lipase and/or trypsin and chymotrypsin.
resultsDM and milk stored 3 days (at 4°C or -20°C) and then digested were cytotoxic. Storage at -20°C for 8 and 12 weeks resulted in an additional increase in cytotoxicity. Protease digestion decreased, but did not eliminate cell death.
conclusionsPresent storage practices may allow milk to become cytotoxic and contribute to intestinal damage in NEC.
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Registered trials
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