ReviewPain research and treatment2014
Etiology and use of the "hanging drop" technique: a review.
Review in Pain research and treatment, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficacy of electrical stimulation on epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2020Trial
- Hanging-drop sign with a pencil-point needle in spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2026Article
- An encounter of unusual pressure dynamics during thoracic epidural placement: a "breathing" syringe.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2025Article
- Induction of Cell Death byJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Analgesia in esophagectomy: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Review
- Various Three-Dimensional Culture Methods and Cell Types for Exosome Production.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2023Review
- Efficacy of lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal epidural ropivacaine in dogs undergoing surgery for perineal hernia.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids alleviate neuropathic pain by modulating chronic inflammatory response genes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Is a Block of the Femoral and Sciatic Nerves an Alternative to Epidural Analgesia in Sheep Undergoing Orthopaedic Hind Limb Surgery? A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded Experimental Trial.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Case Report: Formation of 3D Osteoblast Spheroid Under Magnetic Levitation for Bone Tissue Engineering.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Article
- Regional Anaesthetic Techniques and Their Implications During the COVID Pandemic.SN comprehensive clinical medicine · 2021Review
- A Dynamic Hanging-Drop System for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Optically Guided Epidural Needle Placement Using 405-nm Wavelength for Accurate Puncture.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Pneumocephalus after lumbar epidural.Medical journal, Armed Forces India · 2018Article
- Antiproliferative Activity and Cellular Uptake of Evodiamine and Rutaecarpine Based on 3D Tumor Models.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background. The hanging drop (HD) technique presumably relies on the presence of subatmospheric epidural pressure. It is not clear whether this negative pressure is intrinsic or an artifact and how it is affected by body position. There are few data to indicate how often HD is currently being used. Methods. We identified studies that measured subatmospheric pressures and looked at the effect of the sitting position. We also looked at the technique used for cervical and thoracic epidural anesthesia in the last 10 years. Results. Intrinsic subatmospheric pressures were measured in the thoracic and cervical spine. Three trials studied the effect of body position, indicating a higher incidence of subatmospheric pressures when sitting. The results show lower epidural pressure (-10.7 mmHg) with the sitting position. 28.8% of trials of cervical and thoracic epidural anesthesia that documented the technique used, utilized the HD technique. When adjusting for possible bias, the rate of HD use can be as low as 11.7%. Conclusions. Intrinsic negative pressure might be present in the cervical and thoracic epidural space. This effect is more pronounced when sitting. This position might be preferable when using HD. Future studies are needed to compare it with the loss of resistance technique.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.