ReviewBiological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society2015
Kdo2 -lipid A: structural diversity and impact on immunopharmacology.
Review in Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Breaking the outer membrane barrier: structure, targets, and antimicrobial strategies for Gram-negative bacteria.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
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- Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiome of a Well-Defined Cohort of Healthy Individuals.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A new variant of the colistin resistance gene MCR-1 with co-resistance to β-lactam antibiotics reveals a potential novel antimicrobial peptide.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Effect of Glycosylation on Self-Assembly of Lipid A Lipopolysaccharides in Aqueous Solutions.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2023Article
- Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2023Review
- Therapeutic Targeting of TLR4 for Inflammation, Infection, and Cancer: A Perspective for Disaccharide Lipid A Mimetics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Uncovering lipopolysaccharide regulation in bacteria via the critical lipid binding tunnel of YciS/YciM.iScience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid-lipid A (Kdo2 -lipid A) is the essential component of lipopolysaccharide in most Gram-negative bacteria and the minimal structural component to sustain bacterial viability. It serves as the active component of lipopolysaccharide to stimulate potent host immune responses through the complex of Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation protein 2. The entire biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli Kdo2 -lipid A has been elucidated and the nine enzymes of the pathway are shared by most Gram-negative bacteria, indicating conserved Kdo2 -lipid A structure across different species. Yet many bacteria can modify the structure of their Kdo2 -lipid A which serves as a strategy to modulate bacterial virulence and adapt to different growth environments as well as to avoid recognition by the mammalian innate immune systems. Key enzymes and receptors involved in Kdo2 -lipid A biosynthesis, structural modification and its interaction with the TLR4 pathway represent a clear opportunity for immunopharmacological exploitation. These include the development of novel antibiotics targeting key biosynthetic enzymes and utilization of structurally modified Kdo2 -lipid A or correspondingly engineered live bacteria as vaccines and adjuvants. Kdo2 -lipid A/TLR4 antagonists can also be applied in anti-inflammatory interventions. This review summarizes recent knowledge on both the fundamental processes of Kdo2 -lipid A biosynthesis, structural modification and immune stimulation, and applied research on pharmacological exploitations of these processes for therapeutic development.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.