Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24836780›Full record

Trial reportPloS one2014

Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection in high school students: a randomized controlled study.

Kazuki Ide, Hiroshi Yamada, Kumi Matsushita, Miki Ito, Kei Nojiri, Kiichiro Toyoizumi, Keiji Matsumoto, Yoichi Sameshima

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01225770 (Effects of Gargling With Green Tea on Preventing Influenza Infection Among High School Students), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 25% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01225770 phase3unknown statusnot on this map

Effects of Gargling With Green Tea on Preventing Influenza Infection Among High School Students: A Randomized Clinical Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of ShizuokaRan2010 to 2014Enrolled640ConditionsInfluenza InfectionArmsgreen tea
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  6. Trial
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  10. Article
  11. Camellia Sinensis Mouthwashes in Oral Care: a Systematic Review.Journal of dentistry (Shiraz, Iran) · 2020
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Kazuki IdeDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hiroshi YamadaDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Kumi MatsushitaDepartment of Pharmacy, Kikugawa General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
Miki ItoDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Kei NojiriDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Kiichiro ToyoizumiDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Keiji MatsumotoDepartment of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Yoichi SameshimaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Omaezaki Municipal Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
University of Shizuoka · JPAsanogawa General Hospital · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe anti-influenza virus activity of green tea catechins has been demonstrated in experimental studies, but clinical evidence has been inconclusive. School-aged children play an important role in the infection and spread of influenza in the form of school-based outbreaks. Preventing influenza infection among students is essential for reducing the frequency of epidemics and pandemics. As a non-pharmaceutical intervention against infection, gargling is also commonly performed in Asian countries but has not yet been extensively studied. METHODS AND

findingsA randomized, open label, 2-group parallel study of 757 high school students (15 to 17 years of age) was conducted for 90 days during the influenza epidemic season from December 1st, 2011 to February 28th, 2012, in 6 high schools in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. The green tea gargling group gargled 3 times a day with bottled green tea, and the water gargling group did the same with tap water. The water group was restricted from gargling with green tea. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza using immunochromatographic assay for antigen detection. 757 participants were enrolled and 747 participants completed the study (384 in the green tea group and 363 in the water group). Multivariate logistic regression indicated no significant difference in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza between the green tea group (19 participants; 4.9%) and the water group (25 participants; 6.9%) (adjusted OR, 0.69; 95%CI, 0.37 to 1.28; P = 0.24). The main limitation of the study is the adherence rate among high school students was lower than expected.

conclusionsAmong high school students, gargling with green tea three times a day was not significantly more efficacious than gargling with water for the prevention of influenza infection. In order to adequately assess the effectiveness of such gargling, additional large-scale randomized studies are needed.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01225770.

Indexed as

AdolescentCatechinChromatography, AffinityHumansInfluenza, HumanJapanLogistic ModelsMouthwashesOdds RatioPatient ComplianceTeaCatechinMouthwashesTea

Identifiers

PMID24836780
PMCPMC4023996
OpenAlexW2077861279

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.