ReviewSoft matter2014
Multi-scale multi-mechanism design of tough hydrogels: building dissipation into stretchy networks.
Review in Soft matter, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 171 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
171 citing papers in PubMed, 1,186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpretable AI-driven materiomics to decode microenvironmental cues for stem cell immunomodulation.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Next-Generation Hydrogel Skin Adhesives: From Bioinspired Adhesion Chemistry to Regenerative Wound Interfaces.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Dual-Network PVA/PAM Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Machine-Learning-Assisted Rehabilitation-Oriented Hand Motion Monitoring.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Shelf-Stable, Rapid-Gelling, and Robust Thrombin-Independent Fibrinogen-Based Hydrogels for Massive Hemorrhage Control.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Additive-Free Compatibilization of Commodity Polypropylene/Polyethylene via Partial Melting and Recrystallization.JACS Au · 2026Article
- Biomass-Derived Hydrogels for Load-Bearing Connective Tissue Repair: Integrative Reinforcement, Bio-Functional Design, and Emerging Pathways Toward Clinical Translation.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Synthetic Surrogates of Collagen-Rich Microenvironments: Integrating Modular Bioactive Fibrillar Structure and Tunable Viscoelasticity via Multifunctional Assembling Peptides.ACS central science · 2026Article
- Phase-separated hydrogels for advanced biomedical engineering: From material design to applications.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- High Entanglement in Hydrogels: From Polymer Physics to Robust Mechanics.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Quinone-mediated, tissue-adaptive double-network hydrogel for instant hemostasis and wet-tissue adhesion.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Decoupling Dynamics and Crosslink Stability in Supramolecular Hydrogels Using Associative Exchange.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Probing the microscopic origin of toughness in multiple polymer networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Design and Application of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for 4D Printing: A Review of Adaptive Materials in Engineering.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bridging Scales in Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells: Mechanisms, Interfaces, and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Bioadhesive hydrogels as immunomodulatory interfaces for chronic wound healing: from microenvironmental regulation mechanism to engineering strategies.Burns & trauma · 2026Review
- Carbohydrate-Based Hydrogels: Weaving Nature's Versatility into Biomedical Innovation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Fatigue-Resistant Mechanoresponsive Color-Changing Hydrogels for Vision-Based Tactile Robots.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Tough and tear resistant hydrogel with a sandwich mineralized structure induced by bidirectional ion migration.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Quantitative stress and damage mapping in multiple network elastomers using a single mechanophore.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Review
111 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
As swollen polymer networks in water, hydrogels are usually brittle. However, hydrogels with high toughness play critical roles in many plant and animal tissues as well as in diverse engineering applications. Here we review the intrinsic mechanisms of a wide variety of tough hydrogels developed over the past few decades. We show that tough hydrogels generally possess mechanisms to dissipate substantial mechanical energy but still maintain high elasticity under deformation. The integrations and interactions of different mechanisms for dissipating energy and maintaining elasticity are essential to the design of tough hydrogels. A matrix that combines various mechanisms is constructed for the first time to guide the design of next-generation tough hydrogels. We further highlight that a particularly promising strategy for the design is to implement multiple mechanisms across multiple length scales into nano-, micro-, meso-, and macro-structures of hydrogels.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.