ReviewBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2014
Keyhole limpet haemocyanin - a model antigen for human immunotoxicological studies.
Review in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effects of Jet Fuel Exposure on the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems: A Fit-for-Purpose Systematic Literature Review.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Pooled it
- In vivo human keyhole limpet hemocyanin challenge in early phase drug development: A systematic review.Clinical and translational science · 2023Pooled it
- Profiling a Neo-Antigen-Driven Immune Response in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the KLH Challenge Model.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Trial
- Immunomodulating effects of the single bacterial strain therapy EDP1815 on innate and adaptive immune challenge responses - a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Immunologic research · 2024Trial
- OX40L Inhibition Suppresses KLH-driven Immune Responses in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Demonstrating Proof-of-Pharmacology for KY1005.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2022Trial
- A randomized controlled trial with a delayed-type hypersensitivity model using keyhole limpet haemocyanin to evaluate adaptive immune responses in man.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Trial
- Monitoring of dynamic changes in Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH)-specific B cells in KLH-vaccinated cancer patients.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Article
- Unlocking the Potency of Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin: Structural Insights, Immunological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Improving In Vitro Antibody Production Using Synthetic Peptide Derived from RhD Loops.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Hemocyanins: Microscopic Giants with Unique Structural Features for Applications in Biomedicine.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Immunologic specificity in glioblastoma: Antigen discovery and translational implications.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies against beta-lactamases for immunodetection of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Epitope-focused vaccine immunogens design using tailored horseshoe-shaped scaffold.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- The immunological and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticle-based oxycodone vaccines.Biomaterials · 2025Article
- A Vaccine Against Fibroblast Activation Protein Improves Murine Cardiac Fibrosis by Preventing the Accumulation of Myofibroblasts.Circulation research · 2025Article
- Assessment of antigen-specific T cell recall responses in non-human primates using a composite AIM assay.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Neoantigen immune responses in healthy volunteers: insights from multiple integrated keyhole limpet hemocyanin challenge studies on repeated immunization and response covariates.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- An overview of immunotoxicity in drug discovery and development.Toxicology letters · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunization with a T-cell dependent antigen has been promoted as a reliable and sensitive tool for assessing the influence of putative immunotoxic exposures or agents on immune function. Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) is a very large, copper-containing protein molecule derived from the haemolymph of the inedible mollusc, Megathura crenulata. KLH is a highly immunogenic T-cell dependent antigen that is used increasingly in immunotoxicological studies, particularly in those involving animals. This report systematically reviews the human clinical studies that have used trans-cutaneous KLH immunization for assessment of the influence of various physiological and disease states and exposures on immune function over the last 20 years (1994-2013). These studies varied in their immunization protocols, formulation of KLH, dose, site and route of administration and immunoassay platforms developed to assess KLH-specific responses. KLH immunization has been well tolerated with only mild to moderate adverse effects reported. Though very promising as a model antigen candidate in immunotoxicology research, more work on standardizing immunization and immunoassay protocols is required.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.