Observational studyEye (London, England)2014
Smoking and choroidal thickness in patients over 65 with early-atrophic age-related macular degeneration and normals.
Observational study in Eye (London, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Long-Term Effects of Smoking on Retinal and Choriocapillaris Perfusion: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.Journal of vitreoretinal diseases · 2025Article
- Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing myopia among nonmyopic children in China.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Ocular effects of synthetic cannabinoids: a case-control study.Eye (London, England) · 2025Observational
- Fundus blood flow density changes in the smoking population by artificial intelligence-based optical coherence tomography angiography.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Modeling complex age-related eye disease.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2024Review
- Review
- Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Prevalence of and factors associated with dilated choroidal vessels beneath the retinal pigment epithelium among the Japanese.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Application of Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases.Journal of ophthalmology · 2020Review
- Evaluation of Peripapillary and Subfoveal Choroid Thickness in Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Microvascular contributions to age-related macular degeneration (AMD): from mechanisms of choriocapillaris aging to novel interventions.GeroScience · 2019Review
- The Effect of Smoking on Macular, Choroidal, and Retina Nerve Fiber Layer ThicknessTurkish journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Retinal and Choroidal Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of ophthalmology · 2019Review
- Focal Choroidal Elevations: Localized Pigment Epithelial Contour Alterations due to Isolated Choroidal Vessels.Journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Long-term Progression and Risk Factors of Fundus Tessellation in the Beijing Eye Study.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Carotid Artery Endarterectomy Effect on Choroidal Thickness: One-Year Follow-Up.Journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Article
- Cigarette smoke induced autophagy-impairment regulates AMD pathogenesis mechanisms in ARPE-19 cells.PloS one · 2017Article
- [Atrophy of the macula in the context of its wet, age-related degeneration : An inescapable consequence of anti-VEGF therapy?]Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft · 2016Review
- Comment on: Choroidal thickness is affected by smoking and mydriatics.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo compare macular choroidal thickness between cigarette smokers, those with a history of smoking, and nonsmokers in patients over 65 years of age with early-atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and normals.
methodsProspective, consecutive, observational case series. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography 12-line radial scans were performed and choroidal thickness manually quantified at 84 points in the central 3 mm of the macula. Data of normals, soft drusen alone, and soft drusen with additional features of early AMD were compared. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) model, controlling for age, was constructed to evaluate the effect of smoking history and AMD features on choroidal thickness.
resultsA history of smoking was significantly associated with a thinner choroid across all patients via logistic regression (P=0.004; O.R.=12.4). Mean macular choroidal thickness was thinner for smokers (148±63 μm) than for nonsmokers (181±65 μm) among all diagnosis categories (P=0.003). Subgroup analysis of patients with AMD features revealed a similar decreased choroidal thickness in smokers (121±41 μm) compared with nonsmokers (146±46 μm, P=0.006). Bivariate analysis revealed an association between increased pack-years of smoking and a thin choroid across all patients (P<0.001) and among patients with features of early AMD (P<0.001). Both the presence of features of macular degeneration (P<0.001) and a history of smoking (P=0.024) were associated with decreased choroidal thickness in a MANOVA model.
conclusionChronic cigarette smoke exposure may be associated with decreased choroidal thickness. There may be an anatomic sequelae to chronic tobacco smoke exposure that underlies previously reported AMD risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.