ArticleCancers2014
Mechanisms of Cancer Induction by Tobacco-Specific NNK and NNN.
Article in Cancers, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 233 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and bladder cancer: insights into pathogenesis and public health implications from a bibliometric analysis (1999-2023).Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammatory and Carcinogenic Biomarker Signatures in E-Cigarette Users: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of ∼24,000 Adults.International journal of public health · 2025Pooled it
- Changes in biomarkers after 180 days of tobacco heating product use: a randomised trial.Internal and emergency medicine · 2021Trial
- Potential Impact of Including Time to First Cigarette in Risk Models for Selecting Ever-Smokers for Lung Cancer Screening.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2017Trial
- Differential Mutagenic Response of Rat Liver and Lung to Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK).Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Association of bidi smoking and tobacco-use patterns with cancer risk in India: a multicentre unmatched case-control study (2024-2025).The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Assessment of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Cotinine Levels in the Saliva of Patients with Precancerous Lesions and Oral Mucosa Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic atlas of premalignant oral squamous cell carcinoma in an aging mouse model reveals an enhanced immune response and dysregulation of head and neck tissue stem cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- The disease burden of cancer attributable to smoking worldwide from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Nicotiana tabacum: From a Beneficial Plant to Harmful Products-A Comprehensive Review of Smokeless Tobacco and Its Adverse Health Effects.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2026Review
- Detection of microplastics in bladder wash fluid obtained after cystoscopy in patients diagnosed with bladder cancer.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Breast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Nicotine pouches, oral cancer and tobacco harm reduction: current evidence and research priorities.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- Article
- Lip, Oral Cavity, and Pharyngeal Cancers: Global Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Smoking and alcohol specific alterations in miRNA expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- The impact of smoking on lung cancer patients.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Smoking-induced gut microbial dysbiosis mediates cancer progression through modulation of anti-tumor immune response.iScience · 2025Article
- Metabolomic Insights into Smoking-Induced Metabolic Dysfunctions: A Comprehensive Analysis of Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolomes.Metabolites · 2025Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Tobacco-related cancers cause millions of deaths annually. Although several tobacco agents play a role in the development of tumors, the potent effects of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are unique. Metabolically activated NNK and NNN induce deleterious mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppression genes by forming DNA adducts, which could be considered as tumor initiation. Meanwhile, the binding of NNK and NNN to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes tumor growth by enhancing and deregulating cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, thereby creating a microenvironment for tumor growth. These two unique aspects of NNK and NNN synergistically induce cancers in tobacco-exposed individuals. This review will discuss various types of tobacco products and tobacco-related cancers, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which nitrosamines, such as NNK and NNN, induce cancer.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.