ArticleToxins2014
In vitro induction of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine translocation by the natural naphthoquinone shikonin.
Article in Toxins, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanotechnology-based shikonin delivery strategies for modulating the tumor immune microenvironment efficacy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Ferroptosis: a novel pharmacological mechanism against multiple myeloma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Exploring the Pharmacological Potential ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Exploring pharmaphylogeny from multiple perspectives: a case study on Lithospermeae.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Promising Nanomedicines of Shikonin for Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2023Review
- Review of Shikonin and Derivatives: Isolation, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Pharmacology and Toxicology.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses.Toxins · 2019Article
- Article
- Activity of Zearalenone in the Porcine Intestinal Tract.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Review
- Sevoflurane inhibits the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2016Article
- The Effect of Low Monotonic Doses of Zearalenone on Selected Reproductive Tissues in Pre-Pubertal Female Dogs--A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
- Article
- Induction of Erythrocyte Membrane Blebbing by Methotrexate-Induced Oxidative Stress.Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis SocietyArticle
- Induction of Erythrocyte Shrinkage by Omeprazole.Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis SocietyArticle
- Stimulation of Erythrocyte Membrane Blebbing by Naproxen Sodium.Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis SocietyArticle
- Atorvastatin Induced Erythrocytes Membrane Blebbing.Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis SocietyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Shikonin, the most important component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has previously been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The anticancer effect has been attributed to the stimulation of suicidal cell death or apoptosis. Similar to the apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may experience eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include the increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and ceramide formation. The present study explored whether Shikonin stimulates eryptosis. To this end, Fluo 3 fluorescence was measured to quantify [Ca2+]i, forward scatter to estimate cell volume, annexin V binding to identify phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, hemoglobin release to determine hemolysis and antibodies to quantify ceramide abundance. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Shikonin (1 µM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, increased ceramide abundance, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin V binding. The effect of Shikonin (1 µM) on annexin V binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, Shikonin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to the stimulation of Ca2+ entry and ceramide formation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.