ArticleMolecular microbiology2014
Extracellular vesicles produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis are disrupted by the lipopeptide surfactin.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular membrane vesicles-previously unrecognized components ofJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Review
- Advances in Biological Functions and Applications of Feeding Microorganism-derived Extracellular Vesicles.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Optical analysis of bacterial metabolic activity and spore germination via formazan formation.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2026Article
- Membrane Vesicles ImproveMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Lactobacillus johnsonii-derived extracellular vesicles carrying GAPDH protect against ulcerative colitis through modulating macrophage polarization.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarker potential, and therapeutic engineering.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- From biogenesis to host modulation: the expanding biology of oral streptococcal membrane vesicles.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Nanochemical Cell-Surface Evaluation in Photothermal Spectroscopic Imaging of Antimicrobial Interactions in the Model SystemAnalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- DNA adenine methylation influences gene expression and biofilm formation inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Concern in the Field of Environmental Contamination-Characterization, Impacts, and Response Strategies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Standardizing Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Purification: A Call for Consensus.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles of Gram-negative and Gram-positive probiotics.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Incorporation of recombinant proteins into extracellular vesicles by Lactococcus cremoris.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Opportunities and challenges of bacterial extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in bone aging: therapeutic strategies and applications.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- A brief review of membrane vesicles fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicle: A non-negligible component in biofilm life cycle and challenges in biofilm treatments.Biofilm · 2024Review
- Impact of probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles on livestock gut barrier function.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2024Review
- An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Previously, extracellular vesicle production in Gram-positive bacteria was dismissed due to the absence of an outer membrane, where Gram-negative vesicles originate, and the difficulty in envisioning how such a process could occur through the cell wall. However, recent work has shown that Gram-positive bacteria produce extracellular vesicles and that the vesicles are biologically active. In this study, we show that Bacillus subtilis produces extracellular vesicles similar in size and morphology to other bacteria, characterized vesicles using a variety of techniques, provide evidence that these vesicles are actively produced by cells, show differences in vesicle production between strains, and identified a mechanism for such differences based on vesicle disruption. We found that in wild strains of B. subtilis, surfactin disrupted vesicles while in laboratory strains harbouring a mutation in the gene sfp, vesicles accumulated in the culture supernatant. Surfactin not only lysed B. subtilis vesicles, but also vesicles from Bacillus anthracis, indicating a mechanism that crossed species boundaries. To our knowledge, this is the first time a gene and a mechanism has been identified in the active disruption of extracellular vesicles and subsequent release of vesicular cargo in Gram-positive bacteria. We also identify a new mechanism of action for surfactin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.