ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Transactivation of programmed ribosomal frameshifting by a viral protein.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers.
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Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coordinated translation initiation determines -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting efficiency of chromosomal genes to impact on cell fitness.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes the host restriction factor SHFL to sustain viral programmed ribosomal frameshifting and replication.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Integrated phenotypic screening and chemical proteomics identifies ETF1 ligands that modulate viral translation and replication.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Protein tandem repeats that produce frameshifts can generate new structural states and functions.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- RNA Structural Ensemble Determinants of -1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting Efficiency Across Coronavirus Evolution.Journal of molecular biology · 2025Article
- Programmed ribosomal frameshifting duringScience advances · 2025Article
- In Vitro Characterization of Vaccine Strain-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strains Isolated from Weaned Pigs Exhibiting Respiratory Symptoms.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Nsp2 replicase-mediated viral uncoating in porcine alveolar macrophages contributes to the attenuation of PRRSV-2 live attenuated vaccine.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Strategies and scheming: the war between PRRSV and host cells.Virology journal · 2025Review
- The dimeric conformation of PRRSV nsp1α is important for its ability to regulate viral RNA synthesis.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Giant RNA genomes: Roles of host, translation elongation, genome architecture, and proteome in nidoviruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Biological Significance and Therapeutic Promise of Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Elaborated pseudoknots that stimulate -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting or stop codon readthrough in RNA viruses.Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics · 2025Article
- The full-length nsp2 replicase contributes to viral assembly in highly pathogenic PRRSV-2.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Metagenomic detection and genome assembly of novel PRRSV-2 strain using Oxford Nanopore Flongle flow cell.Journal of animal science · 2025Article
- Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis of Potential Host Proteins Interacting with N in PRRSV-Infected PAMs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Fidelity Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and NADC30-like Strain.Viruses · 2024Article
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- Reverse genetics construction and pathogenicity of a novel recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV isolated in China.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) is a widely used translational mechanism facilitating the expression of two polypeptides from a single mRNA. Commonly, the ribosome interacts with an mRNA secondary structure that promotes -1 frameshifting on a homopolymeric slippery sequence. Recently, we described an unusual -2 frameshifting (-2 PRF) signal directing efficient expression of a transframe protein [nonstructural protein 2TF (nsp2TF)] of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from an alternative reading frame overlapping the viral replicase gene. Unusually, this arterivirus PRF signal lacks an obvious stimulatory RNA secondary structure, but as confirmed here, can also direct the occurrence of -1 PRF, yielding a third, truncated nsp2 variant named "nsp2N." Remarkably, we now show that both -2 and -1 PRF are transactivated by a protein factor, specifically a PRRSV replicase subunit (nsp1β). Embedded in nsp1β's papain-like autoproteinase domain, we identified a highly conserved, putative RNA-binding motif that is critical for PRF transactivation. The minimal RNA sequence required for PRF was mapped within a 34-nt region that includes the slippery sequence and a downstream conserved CCCANCUCC motif. Interaction of nsp1β with the PRF signal was demonstrated in pull-down assays. These studies demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that a protein can function as a transactivator of ribosomal frameshifting. The newly identified frameshifting determinants provide potential antiviral targets for arterivirus disease control and prevention. Moreover, protein-induced transactivation of frameshifting may be a widely used mechanism, potentially including previously undiscovered viral strategies to regulate viral gene expression and/or modulate host cell translation upon infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.