ArticleJournal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention
State-by-state variations in cardiac rehabilitation participation are associated with educational attainment, income, and program availability.
Article in Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of cardiac rehabilitation in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Progress in cardiovascular diseasesPooled it
- Medicare Advantage Benefits Design and Access to Cardiovascular Care.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Disparities in Geographic Access to Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Socially Vulnerable Communities.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Cardiac Rehabilitation in the Modern Era: Evidence, Equity, and Evolving Delivery Models Across the Cardiovascular Spectrum.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Psychometric evaluation of the cardiac rehabilitation adherence scale in patients with coronary heart disease: an observational study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Is 70% Achievable? Hospital-Level Variation in Rates of Cardiac Rehabilitation Use Among Medicare Beneficiaries.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- Race or ethnicity and education in cardiac rehabilitation enrollment.Journal of cardiology · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Community-Level Distress and Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation, Facility Access, and Clinical Outcomes After Inpatient Coronary Revascularization.Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2023Article
- Geographic Variation in Access to Cardiac Rehabilitation.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2023Article
- A New Era in Cardiac Rehabilitation Delivery: Research Gaps, Questions, Strategies, and Priorities.Circulation · 2023Review
- Trends in cardiac rehabilitation enrollment post-coronary artery bypass grafting upon implementation of automatic referral in Southeast Asia: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research · 2022Article
- Disparities in the Use of Cardiac Rehabilitation in African Americans.Current cardiovascular risk reports · 2022Review
- Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Think Tank: Accelerating New Care Models.Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2021Article
- Heart up! RCT protocol to increase physical activity in cardiac patients who report hopelessness: Amended for the COVID-19 pandemic.Research in nursing & health · 2021Article
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Availability and Density around the Globe.EClinicalMedicine · 2019Article
- Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Adherence Tool (CRAT).Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2019Article
- Geographic Variation in Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation in Medicare and Veterans Affairs Populations: Opportunity for Improvement.Circulation · 2018Article
- Geographic Variations in Cardiac Rehabilitation Use: Regional Variations in Medical Care or in Patient Behaviors?Circulation · 2018Article
- Sex and Racial Disparities in Cardiac Rehabilitation Referral at Hospital Discharge and Gaps in Long-Term Mortality.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWide geographic variations in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participation in the United States have been demonstrated but are not well understood. Socioeconomic factors such as educational attainment are robust predictors of many health-related behaviors, including smoking, obesity, physical activity, substance abuse, and cardiovascular disease. We investigated potential associations between state-level differences in educational attainment, other socioeconomic factors, CR program availability, and variations in CR participation.
methodsA retrospective database analysis was conducted using data from the US Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the 1997 Medicare database. The outcome of interest was CR participation rates by state, and predictors included state-level high school (HS) graduation rates (in 2001 and 1970), median household income, smoking rates, density of CR program (programs per square mile and per state population), sex and race ratios, and median age.
resultsThe relationship between HS graduation rates and CR participation by state was significant for both 2001 and 1970 (r = 0.64 and 0.44, respectively, P < .01). Adding the density of CR programs (per population) and income contributed significantly with a cumulative r value of 0.74 and 0.71 for the models using 2001 and 1970, respectively (Ps < .01). The amount of variance accounted for by each of the 3 variables differed between the 2000 and 1970 graduation rates, but both models were unaltered by including additional variables.
conclusionsState-level HS graduation rates, CR programs expressed as programs per population, and median income were strongly associated with geographic variations in CR participation rates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.