ArticleBlood2014
Increased T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells are required for cGVHD and bronchiolitis obliterans.
Article in Blood, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06046248 (Phase II Trial of Belumosudil and Rituximab for the Primary Treatment of Extensive Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 145 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase II Trial of Belumosudil and Rituximab for the Primary Treatment of Extensive Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ibrutinib for First-Line Treatment of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Results From the Randomized Phase III iNTEGRATE Study.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- A Randomized Phase II Crossover Study of Imatinib or Rituximab for Cutaneous Sclerosis after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2016Trial
- Clinical significance of autoantibodies in a large cohort of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease defined by NIH criteria.American journal of hematology · 2015Trial
- Trial
- CAR19 Tregs treat murine chronic graft-versus-host disease through immune suppression without measurable B cell cytolysis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Chronic graft-versus-host disease.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Article
- Recent advances in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease.International journal of hematology · 2026Review
- Macrophages in spatial context: cellular niches in lung disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- B cells and iBALT in TB immunity & pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Expansion of peripheral helper T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease.Annals of hematology · 2025Article
- Addressing Knowledge Gaps in the Early Detection of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Efficacy and safety of belumosudil for treatment of cGVHD: multicenter retrospective analysis of the French cohort of the compassionate use program, on behalf of the French Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy.Bone marrow transplantation · 2025Article
- Defining pathogenic IL-17 and CSF-1 gene expression signatures in chronic graft-versus-host disease.Blood · 2025Article
- Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates chronic graft-versus-host disease by inhibiting Tfh differentiation via Nrf2.Leukemia · 2025Article
- The dual immunomodulatory role of B cells in tumorigenesis: mechanisms, microenvironment crosstalk, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- T follicular helper cells expansion in transplant recipients correlates with graft infiltration and adverse outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody prevents chronic graft-versus-host disease in mice by inducing immune tolerance of CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Having shown that germinal center (GC) formation and immunoglobulin deposition are required for multiorgan system cGVHD and associated bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in a murine model, we hypothesized that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are necessary for cGVHD by supporting GC formation and maintenance. We show that increased frequency of Tfh cells correlated with increased GC B cells, cGVHD, and BOS. Although administering a highly depletionary anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to mice with established cGVHD resulted in peripheral B-cell depletion, B cells remained in the lung, and BOS was not reversed. BOS could be treated by eliminating production of interleukin-21 (IL-21) by donor T cells or IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) signaling of donor B cells. Development of BOS was dependent upon T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR5 to facilitate T-cell trafficking to secondary lymphoid organ follicles. Blocking mAbs for IL-21/IL-21R, inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS)/ICOS ligand, and CD40L/CD40 hindered GC formation and cGVHD. These data provide novel insights into cGVHD pathogenesis, indicate a role for Tfh cells in these processes, and suggest a new line of therapy using mAbs targeting Tfh cells to reverse cGVHD.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.