ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2014
Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in migraine: mechanisms of action.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve block with botulinum toxin for patients with chronic headache in the occipital area: a randomized controlled trial.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2019Trial
- Monocentric Prospective Study into the Sustained Effect of Incobotulinumtoxin A (XEOMINToxins · 2018Trial
- A Three-Point, Low-Dose, Artery-Targeted Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Chronic Migraine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Contralateral-Controlled Trial.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Changes in brainstem habituation during onabotulinumtoxinA treatment in chronic migraine: A prospective case-control study.Headache · 2026Article
- A proof-of-concept study on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin on spasticity plus syndrome in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Botulinum Toxin Type A in Red Ear Syndrome and a Novel Multi-nerve Injection Paradigm: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Combining treatments for migraine prophylaxis: the state-of-the-art.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Review
- How Does Botulinum Toxin Inhibit Itch?Toxins · 2022Review
- Botulinum Toxin-A Current Place in the Treatment of Chronic Migraine and Other Primary Headaches.Toxins · 2022Review
- OnabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine: is the response dose dependent?BMC neurology · 2022Article
- The Management of Poststroke Thalamic Pain: Update in Clinical Practice.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Migraine-Associated Otalgia: An Underappreciated Entity.Journal of audiology & otology · 2022Article
- The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- Article
- Hypervigilance, Allostatic Load, and Migraine Prevention: Antibodies to CGRP or Receptor.Neurology and therapy · 2021Review
- Non-aesthetic uses of botulinum toxin in the head and neck.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2021Review
- Clinical and Neurophysiological Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Chronic Migraine.Toxins · 2021Article
- Utilities of Botulinum Toxins in Dermatology and Cosmetology.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2021Review
- A First Clinical Trial on Botulinum Toxin-A for Chronic Muscle-Related Pain in Cerebral Palsy.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Migraine pain represents sensations arising from the activation of trigeminal afferents, which innervate the meningeal vasculature and project to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Pain secondary to meningeal input is referred to extracranial regions innervated by somatic afferents that project to homologous regions in the TNC. Such viscerosomatic convergence accounts for referral of migraine pain arising from meningeal afferents to particular extracranial dermatomes. Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) delivered into extracranial dermatomes are effective in and approved for treating chronic migraine pain. Aside from their well-described effect upon motor endplates, BoNTs are also taken up in local afferent nerve terminals where they cleave soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, and prevent local terminal release. However, a local extracranial effect of BoNT cannot account for allthe effects of BoNT upon migraine. We now know that peripherally delivered BoNTs are taken up in sensory afferents and transported to cleave SNARE proteins in the ganglion and TNC, prevent evoked afferent release and downstream activation. Such effects upon somatic input (as from the face) likewise would not alone account for block of input from converging meningeal afferents. This current work suggests that BoNTs may undergo transcytosis to cleave SNAREs in second-order neurons or in adjacent afferent terminals. Finally, while SNAREs mediate exocytotic release, they are also involved in transport of channels and receptors involved in facilitated pain states. The role of such post-synaptic effects of BoNT action in migraine remains to be determined.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.