SynthesisJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN2014
The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 386 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
386 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 647 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of Microbiota-Driven Therapy on Circulating Indoxyl Sulfate and P-Cresyl Sulfate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus attenuates uremic toxins in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease through the anti-inflammatory molecules.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- High-volume hemodiafiltration decreases the pre-dialysis concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate compared to hemodialysis: a post-hoc analysis from the HDFit randomized controlled trial.Journal of nephrology · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Trial
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- Analytical and clinical validation of a competitive ELISA for serum indoxyl sulfate and its clinical association with chronic kidney disease risk stratification.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Tubulointerstitial inflammation in glomerular diseases: mechanistic pathways, prognostic value, and translational therapeutic targets.Renal failure · 2026Review
- Early Outpatient bFGF-Based Wound Care for Foot Lesions in Haemodialysis Patients: A Real-World Stepwise Limb-Salvage Strategy From Japan.International wound journal · 2026Observational
- The gut-kidney axis in pediatric acute kidney injury: a review of pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic frontiers.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Berberrubine alleviates PCS-induced tubular injury via HNRNPF/NR4A1/ER stress axis.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Article
- Global metabolomics profiling of glucuronides in human plasma, fecal, and cerebrospinal fluid samples.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Amino acid homeostasis in the kidney: Physiological roles and pathological dysregulation.Physiological reports · 2026Review
- Purine-Metabolism Reprogramming Associated with Failed-Repair Proximal Tubule States in the AKI-to-CKD Transition.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Targeting Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Toxins · 2026Review
- Serum Osteoprotegerin Is Associated Independently with Peripheral Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
326 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A growing number of publications supports a biologic effect of the protein-bound uremic retention solutes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. However, the use of unrealistically high free concentrations of these compounds and/or inappropriately low albumin concentrations may blur the interpretation of these results. Here, we performed a systematic review, selecting only studies in which, depending on the albumin concentration, real or extrapolated free concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate remained in the uremic range. The 27 studies retrieved comprised in vitro and animal studies. A quality score was developed, giving 1 point for each of the following criteria: six or more experiments, confirmation by more than one experimental approach, neutralization of the biologic effect by counteractive reagents or antibodies, use of a real-life model, and use of dose-response analyses in vitro and/or animal studies. The overall average score was 3 of 5 points, with five studies scoring 5 of 5 points and six studies scoring 4 of 5 points, highlighting the superior quality of a substantial number of the retrieved studies. In the 11 highest scoring studies, most functional deteriorations were related to uremic cardiovascular disease and kidney damage. We conclude that our systematic approach allowed the retrieval of methodologically correct studies unbiased by erroneous conditions related to albumin binding. Our data seem to confirm the toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate and support their roles in vascular and renal disease progression.
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