ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2014
Long-term cardiovascular risks associated with an elevated heart rate: the Framingham Heart Study.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of ivabradine on the cardiac function of chronic heart failure reduced ejection fraction: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical cardiology · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Association between resting heart rate and coronary artery disease, stroke, sudden death and noncardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2016Pooled it
- Resting heart rate and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: a meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2016Pooled it
- Predictors of Change in Physical Function in Older Adults in Response to Long-Term, Structured Physical Activity: The LIFE Study.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Combination therapy of hypertension in the elderly: a subgroup analysis of the Combination of OLMesartan and a calcium channel blocker or diuretic in Japanese elderly hypertensive patients trial.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2015Trial
- Resting Heart Rate Association with Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality and All-Cause Mortality According to Cluster of Cardiovascular Risk Factors-A Prospective Cohort Study with More than 20 Years of Follow-Up.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Exploring hemodynamic measurements from the Tromsø Study for prediction of cardiovascular disease using traditional statistical models and machine learning approaches.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cardiac event-induced PTSD symptoms and continuous heart rate in coronary artery disease patients.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Article
- Viewing art as a pathway to psychological well-being and physical health.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Article
- Heart rate variability and heart rate in a sample of medicated and unmedicated adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Article
- The Kynurenine Metabolite 3-Hydroxykynurenine is Associated With Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Predominantly Stable Coronary Artery Disease.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2026Article
- TSH index and 24-hour mean heart rate in euthyroid adults: opposing FT3 and heart rate variability components.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated with Cholinesterase Inhibitor Use in Individuals at High Cardiovascular Risk.American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2025Article
- Exploring the Impact of E-cigarettes on Cardiovascular Health: Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
- Sleep efficiency is negatively associated with resting daytime heart rate in trauma-exposed premenopausal women.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Long-term safety and efficacy of ivabradine after direct percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure: a single-center retrospective study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHigher heart rate has been associated with an adverse prognosis, but most prior studies focused on individuals with known cardiovascular disease or examined a limited number of outcomes. We sought to examine the association of baseline heart rate with both fatal and nonfatal outcomes during 2 decades of follow-up. METHODS AND
resultsOur study included 4058 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age 55 years, 56% women). Cox models were performed with multivariable adjustment for clinical risk factors and physical activity. A total of 708 participants developed incident cardiovascular disease (303 heart failure, 343 coronary heart disease, and 216 stroke events), 48 received a permanent pacemaker, and 1186 died. Baseline heart rate was associated with incident cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15 per 1 SD [11 bpm] increase in heart rate, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24, P=0.0002), particularly heart failure (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48, P<0.0001). Higher heart rate was also associated with higher all-cause (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24, P<0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.33, P=0.01). Spline analyses did not suggest a lower threshold beyond which the benefit of a lower heart rate abated or increased. In contrast, individuals with a higher heart rate had a lower risk of requiring permanent pacemaker placement (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.79, P=0.001).
conclusionsIndividuals with a higher heart rate are at elevated long-term risk for cardiovascular events, in particular, heart failure, and all-cause death. On the other hand, a higher heart rate is associated with a lower risk of future permanent pacemaker implantation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.