ArticleAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2014
Innate immunity in the vagina (Part II): Anti-HIV activity and antiviral content of human vaginal secretions.
Article in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of sampling methods to measure HIV RNA viral load in female genital tract secretions.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2017Trial
- Comparison of Follicular and Luteal Phase Mucosal Markers of HIV Susceptibility in Healthy Women.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Innate Immune Protection Against HIV in the Female Genital Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- A Noninvasive Method to Sample Immune Cells in the Lower Female Genital Tract Using Menstrual Discs.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Article
- Effect of progestin-based contraceptives on HIV-associated vaginal immune biomarkers and microbiome in adolescent girls.PloS one · 2024Article
- Aging dysregulates neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to HIV in blood and genital tissues.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The Interplay Between Cervicovaginal Microbial Dysbiosis and Cervicovaginal Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract.Aging cell · 2021Review
- Human Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Inhibit HIV-1 Replication in Macrophages.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- miRNA profiling of primate cervicovaginal lavage and extracellular vesicles reveals miR-186-5p as a potential antiretroviral factor in macrophages.FEBS open bio · 2020Article
- Avirulins, a Novel Class of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Effective in the Female Reproductive Tract Mucosa.Viruses · 2019Article
- The contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone, directly increases R5 HIV-1 infection in human cervical explant tissue at physiologically relevant concentrations.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- The Pre-clinical Toolbox of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics:Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Review
- The effect of menopause on the innate antiviral activity of cervicovaginal lavage.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2015Article
- The role of sex hormones in immune protection of the female reproductive tract.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
problemWhether the concentrations of antiviral proteins, and anti-HIV activity, within human vaginal secretions change across the menstrual cycle is unknown. METHOD OF STUDY: Using a menstrual cup, vaginal secretions from pre-menopausal women were recovered at the proliferative (d6-8), mid-cycle (d13-15), and secretory (d21-23) stages of the menstrual cycle. Antiviral protein concentration was determined by ELISA, and anti-HIV activity assessed using the TZM-bl reporter cell line.
resultsCCL20, RANTES, elafin, HBD2, SDF-1α, and IL-8 levels were detectable in the secretions. Vaginal secretions had anti-HIV activity against specific clade B strains of HIV, with significant inhibition of IIIB and increased infectivity of transmitted/founder CH077.t. No significant differences in either antiviral protein concentration or anti-HIV activity with respect to menstrual cycle stage were measured, but marked differences were observed in both parameters over the course of the cycle between different women and in consecutive cycles from the same woman.
conclusionThe vagina contains a complement of antiviral proteins. The variation in anti-HIV activity demonstrates that immune protection in the vagina is not constant. Intra- and interindividual variations suggest that factors in addition to sex hormones influence antiviral protection. Lastly, the menstrual cup is a new model for recovering undiluted vaginal secretions from women throughout their reproductive life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.