ReviewBioMed research international2014
Beyond obesity and lifestyle: a review of 21st century chronic disease determinants.
Review in BioMed research international, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- Application of system dynamics approach in developing health interventions to strengthen health systems to combat obesity: a systematic literature review and critical analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Digital Interventions for Social Participation in Adults with Long-term Physical Conditions: A Systematic Review.Journal of medical systems · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of interventions based on regular physical activity on weight management in adolescents: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Exploring the Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases: Inflammatory Cytokines and Bioactive Kynurenines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Dietary Polyphenols-Important Non-Nutrients in the Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- The effect of educational intervention on the lifestyle changes of elderly people with diabetes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Trial
- The Short-Term Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Renal Excretion of Sodium and Its Association with Blood Pressure.Obesity surgery · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Review
- Health Risks Among Rural Aging Populations in China: A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Chronic Disease Management.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Connotation and Mechanism of Family Support for Patients with Chronic Diseases Under the Perspective of Health Promotion-A Scoping Review of Reviews.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Review
- Combined torso and foot heat exposure reduces acuteTemperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2026Article
- Alginate oligosaccharides in the food industry: emerging functional roles, health benefits, and technological applications - Review.Food chemistry: X · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Risk According to the Morningness-Eveningness Status in Adult Individuals.Cureus · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiota as a Key Modulator of Chronic Disease: Implications for Diabetes, Autoimmunity, and Cancer.Cureus · 2025Review
- Online Version of the Self-Administered Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Iranian Adult Population.Nutrition and metabolic insights · 2025Article
- Adipose tissue-specificFrontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Age-friendly Neighborhood Environment and Trajectories of Multimorbidity: The Moderating Effect of Life-course Socioeconomic Status.Innovation in aging · 2025Article
- Barriers and facilitators to adopting health-promoting lifestyles in patients with psoriasis in China: a qualitative study using the COM-B and SEM.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Review of evidence linking exposure to environmental stressors and associated alterations in the dynamics of immunosenescence (ISC) with the global increase in multiple sclerosis (MS).Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The obesity epidemic and associated chronic diseases are often attributed to modern lifestyles. The term "lifestyle" however, ignores broader social, economic, and environmental determinants while inadvertently "blaming the victim." Seen more eclectically, lifestyle encompasses distal, medial, and proximal determinants. Hence any analysis of causality should include all these levels. The term "anthropogens," or "…man-made environments, their by-products and/or lifestyles encouraged by these, some of which may be detrimental to human health" provides a monocausal focus for chronic diseases similar to that which the germ theory afforded infectious diseases. Anthropogens have in common an ability to induce a form of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation ("metaflammation"). A review of anthropogens, based on inducers with a metaflammatory association, is conducted here, together with the evidence for each in connection with a number of chronic diseases. This suggests a broader view of lifestyle and a focus on determinants, rather than obesity and lifestyle per se as the specific causes of modern chronic disease. Under such an analysis, obesity is seen more as "a canary in a mineshaft" signaling problems in the broader environment, suggesting that population obesity management should be focused more upstream if chronic diseases are to be better managed.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.