ArticleNucleic acids research2014
The evolutionary dynamics of variant antigen genes in Babesia reveal a history of genomic innovation underlying host-parasite interaction.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Next-generation sequencing in tick-borne apicomplexan parasites: approaches for Theileria and Babesia, a systematic review.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Pooled it
- Ribosomal architecture and rRNA modification landscape in the tick-borne parasite Babesia divergens.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ribosomal Architecture and rRNA Modification Landscape in the Tick-Borne ParasitebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Elucidating the functional role of the novel BdP50 protein and extracellular vesicles in the human erythrocyte infection by Babesia divergens.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- ves1α genes expression is the major determinant of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes cytoadhesion to endothelial cells.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Draft genomes of two contemporary strains ofMicrobiology resource announcements · 2025Article
- Insights into the evolution, virulence and speciation ofEmerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Properties and predicted functions of large genes and proteins of apicomplexan parasites.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of Two New Endochin-like Quinolones, ELQ-596 and ELQ-650, in Experimental Mouse Models of Human Babesiosis.ACS infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ofVaccines · 2024Article
- Comparative chemical genomics inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Transfusion-transmittedJournal of clinical microbiology · 2023Review
- Chromosome-level genome assembly of Babesia caballi reveals diversity of multigene families among Babesia species.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- Article
- Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Whole genome sequence and diversity in multigene families ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Seasonal fluctuations of Babesia bigemina and Rhipicephalus microplus in Brangus and Nellore cattle reared in the Cerrado biome, Brazil.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Comparative single-cell transcriptional atlases of Babesia species reveal conserved and species-specific expression profiles.PLoS biology · 2022Article
- Advances in understanding red blood cell modifications by Babesia.PLoS pathogens · 2022Review
- Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes of Babesia sp. Mymensingh and its naming as Babesia naoakii n. sp.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 13 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Babesia spp. are tick-borne, intraerythrocytic hemoparasites that use antigenic variation to resist host immunity, through sequential modification of the parasite-derived variant erythrocyte surface antigen (VESA) expressed on the infected red blood cell surface. We identified the genomic processes driving antigenic diversity in genes encoding VESA (ves1) through comparative analysis within and between three Babesia species, (B. bigemina, B. divergens and B. bovis). Ves1 structure diverges rapidly after speciation, notably through the evolution of shortened forms (ves2) from 5' ends of canonical ves1 genes. Phylogenetic analyses show that ves1 genes are transposed between loci routinely, whereas ves2 genes are not. Similarly, analysis of sequence mosaicism shows that recombination drives variation in ves1 sequences, but less so for ves2, indicating the adoption of different mechanisms for variation of the two families. Proteomic analysis of the B. bigemina PR isolate shows that two dominant VESA1 proteins are expressed in the population, whereas numerous VESA2 proteins are co-expressed, consistent with differential transcriptional regulation of each family. Hence, VESA2 proteins are abundant and previously unrecognized elements of Babesia biology, with evolutionary dynamics consistently different to those of VESA1, suggesting that their functions are distinct.
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