ReviewViral immunology2014
The complexity of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in the lung under antiretroviral therapy: challenges beyond AIDS.
Review in Viral immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Pulmonary Immune Cell Landscape Altered by Exposure to HIV,International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Global Landscape of Infection-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension.Infectious disease reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Mice with humanized immune system as novel models to study HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Extracellular Vesicle TGF-β1 Is Linked to Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2021Article
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV.Expert review of respiratory medicine · 2021Review
- Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Bidirectional Associations among Nicotine and Tobacco Smoke, NeuroHIV, and Antiretroviral Therapy.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Factors influencing self-management of adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- NADPH oxidase-mediated endothelial injury in HIV- and opioid-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2020Article
- Article
- HIV-1 Productively Infects and Integrates in Bronchial Epithelial Cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
- Infectious Virus Persists in CD4Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Palliative care guidelines for the management of HIV-infected people in South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2019Article
- Impact of HIV infection on αAmerican journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2018Article
- Refining Current Scientific Priorities and Identifying New Scientific Gaps in HIV-Related Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Research.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2017Article
- The effect of HIV infection and HCV viremia on inflammatory mediators and hepatic injury-The Women's Interagency HIV Study.PloS one · 2017Article
- Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Presenting With Bilateral Interstitial Pneumonia: Case Report and Discussion of Potential HIV-Induced Interstitial Pneumonia.Open forum infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Lung cancer in persons with HIV.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a significant milestone in the battle against AIDS. However, we continue learning about HIV and confronting challenges 30 years after its discovery. HIV has cleverly tricked both the host immune system and ART. First, the many HIV subtypes and recombinant forms have different susceptibilities to antiretroviral drugs, which may represent an issue in countries where ART is just being introduced. Second, even under the suppressive pressures of ART, HIV still increases inflammatory mediators, deregulates apoptosis and proliferation, and induces oxidative stress in the host. Third, the preference of HIV for CXCR4 as a co-receptor may also have noxious outcomes, including potential malignancies. Furthermore, HIV still replicates cryptically in anatomical reservoirs, including the lung. HIV impairs bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte and macrophage immune responses, rendering the lung susceptible to comorbidities. In addition, HIV-infected individuals are significantly more susceptible to long-term HIV-associated complications. This review focuses on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and lung cancer. Almost two decades after the advent of highly active ART, we now know that HIV-infected individuals on ART live as long as the uninfected population. Fortunately, its availability is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries. Nevertheless, ART is not risk-free: the developed world is facing issues with antiretroviral drug toxicity, resistance, and drug-drug interactions, while developing countries are confronting issues with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Several aspects of the complexity of HIV persistence and challenges with ART are discussed, as well as suggestions for new avenues of research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.